Macro Environment External Forces that Affect Bakery Industry Essay

Executive summary Paris Baguette is a French inspired Korean bakery, which started in 1945, and it started off as a small bakery. Paris Baguette is now a highly competitive bakery that has 32 stores worldwide and 4 stores in Singapore. This report is to advice Paris Baguette on matters that are associated with effective marketing for its product, place, promotion and price. This report will talk about things like, what Marco-environment that will affect the bakery  industry as well as what microenvironment that will affect our organization. This report will also be explain what product positioning and perceptual mapping is and with the aid of perceptual mapping it will illustrate the product positioning of Paris Baguette against their competitors. The recommendation for the report is to advertise Paris Baguette on television or the newspaper to increase brand awareness. In addition, to open more branches in Singapore, as four stores is nothing compared to their competitors like Bread Talk. Background Paris Baguette has started in 1945, called as ‘Sang-mi-dang’ in Woongjin, Korea. They had moved Sang-mi-dang to Seoul in 1948. The president of the company, Chang Sung Hur had changed the name of the company as ‘Sam Lip General Food Company in 1968 and entered the franchise market as a general food company. In 1997, they have decided to have product brand called ‘Shany Cake’ hence, the Sam lip and Shany cake shown great impact in the bread industry. In order to strengthen their business, they realized they need bakery brand so they established Paris Croissant in 1986 and they called it as ‘Paris Baguette’, which is a luxury French bakery brand. They have made first store at Gwanghwamun(Korea), one of the place that a lot of people in Korea. They had good success, kept expanding the stores, and had 100 stores in Korea in 1992. They did 1st place in bakery industry in 1997, and they maintained the 1st place all the way. In 2004, they decided to expand the stores overseas and opened first store in Shanghai. As a result, they have around 3,200 stores in Korea alone. Macro Environment external forces that affect bakery industry 2.1Demographic environment The term ‘demography’ refers to the study of human population on the basis of gender, age, race, income level, density, education, family size, occupation, etc. According to the data reports that released by Singapore government, the population of female residents is nearly equal to males. The main target customers of bakery industry are consider as females because they are most likely to have a sweet tooth. It means that there is still some room for improvement to attract potential customers, such as males.  Besides, an aging population and declining birth rate also has impact on bakery industry. The range in age from 5 to 35 is considered as main target customers in bakery industry. With the increase of elderly and decrease of children, consumers of bakery industry will be gradually decrease. In order to attract more potential customers, bakery companies may launch new products that suitable for males and elders, such as salty bread with meat or soft bread, which can be easily chew. 2.2Political Environment As a country, which has been crown the most business-friendly economy all over the world for the previous 7 years, no one will doubt that Singapore government encourage the development of company. Policy support helps with company operation, such as decrease the business income tax- it will increase the profit of company. Singapore government increase the wages tax in order to help poor people, thus, more customers will be able to afford bread. In addition, policies of childbirth encouragement and immigration also help to increase the numbers of consumers. Children are attract by lovely look and sweet taste of desserts, Europeans and Americans prefer bread instead of rice, and they should be regulars of bakeries. However, these policies also benefit other companies in bakery industry, and it will result in increasing of competitions. In order to hold the market share, the company may reduce the price of bread or launch more variety of bread. 2.3Economic Environment Economic factors are consists of inflations, taxation, interest rate, currency exchanges rate, depression, etc. Those factors will influence the purchasing power and spending patterns of customers. If the interest rate increased, people would like to save their money in bank instead of spending them. That will result in decrease of buying power, thus, the profit of company will reduced also. Inflation also causes decrease of buying power. Inflation puts a lot of pressure on people, and they will decrease daily expenses, it may influence the bakery industry. Micro Environment forces that affect Paris Baguette 2.4Competitors In Singapore, Break Talk considered as a competitor of Paris Baguette because both of these two brands are consists of bakery and cafà ©. In comparison, Bread Talk is more famous and familiar than Paris Baguette because it is the local brand and it is plenty of branches. There are only four outlets of Paris Baguette, but more than 25 branches of Bread Talk in Singapore. The advantages of Paris Baguette are ‘delicacy’ and variety of products. Delicate appearances of decorate and products attract many customers. The advantages of Bread Talk are it’s lower price and promotions. To compare these two brands, Paris Baguette is more suitable for yuppies, but Bread Talk is suitable for ordinary family. 2.5Customers The customers positioning of Paris Baguette: children, couples and 15 to 35-year-old females. Products of Paris Baguette are more expensive than other general bakery brands, thus, consumers of Paris Baguette should be well pay. Customers prefer cafà © of Paris Baguette, so they frequented braches in the afternoon, especially during the weekends. Macro environment forces that affect Paris Baguette Two of the Macro environment, which have affect Paris Baguette are the Economic environment and social-cultural environment. The economic environment affected the Paris Baguette franchises, which the production costs increased due to the price of the oil and the grain increased. All the franchises have to pay more in order to purchase the ingredients. Besides, Paris Baguette in the American and China markets have faced some uncertain economic failure. This has cause quite a big impact to Paris Baguette. â€Å"A weak currency is the sign of a weak economy, and a weak economy leads to a weak nation.† (Perot, N.D). In addition, the social-cultural environment, which affect Paris Baguette have to know the different cultural food taste of the chosen country, which mean they have to find out what type of products can increase the interest and Paris Baguette have to cooperate with it by creating the product the people like. Besides, for the aging people and woman will give more attention to their own health and they prefer more on organic food. In order to aim a bigger market, Paris Baguette has to produce more organic and healthy products due to the healthy diet flow. Product Positioning. Product positioning is one of marketing techniques that promote products in the best way to target audiences. The most important thing is to buy the product. It is quite similar with market segmentation as the product positioning is made of creating the message and involves the symbol and manipulation, which conclude display and packaging. In Paris baguette, they used 5methods for the product positioning. They are ‘threat of new entrants (too much capital is not required for joining the bakery franchise market)’, ‘bargaining power of suppliers (the raw material is important for them in bakery industry and the materials like rice and flour)’, ‘threat of substitute products (many other substitute products are exist such as flour based food, instant food, etc. For example, Starbucks is one of cafà © that makes high profit with substitute products)’, ‘bargaining power of customers (They don’t have difficulty to switch purchasing outlets because of standardized bakery products)’ and ‘competitive rivalry within an industry (there is intense competition in the market among other brands because of saturation. There does not have many firms within industry but big brands like Tour les Jour exist. There also have high exit barriers and hard to differentiate the strategic for each firm.)’. Perceptual mapping From the picture above, we can see that Paris Baguettes (PB) and Baker & Cook (B&C) has the high price and high quality compared to Sunshine Bakery (SB). It is because PB and B&C uses very good quality and high cost for the ingredients compared to SB. B&C is selling products slightly higher than PB is because of the company’s regulation. Paris Baguette use the product positioning strategy, which is ‘positioning by price/quality’. This is because they want to make sure their customer satisfy with their products and can consume their product is in high quality in other words mean the taste of the bread, the freshness and the crispiness of the bread. However, in order to produce a high quality product, they have to use high quality raw materials to produce their products such as the flour, butter, grain and other, which mean their products are in high quality and the price is slightly higher. â€Å"The quality of a leader is reflected in the standards they set for themselves.† (Kroc, 1984) Marketing research The primary marketing research technique that I would recommend Paris Baguette to use for collecting information related to customer satisfaction is the survey method. The survey method is by far the most popular of all the research method. Survey method is a list of questions that ask individuals about their preferences, attitudes towards our product and buying behaviours. We would need to create the questionnaire that will record the data. Example of the survey question will be: What is the first thing that comes into your mind when you think of Paris baguette? Do you enjoy our selection of bread? Which one of our product do you like best? How can we improve on our product? Are our prices reasonable? Are our staffs friendly? Is our branch location convenient for you? What new product would you like to try? What is your age group? Others- These questions will help Paris Baguette improve on their product and find out what their customers thinks about the organization and what new products they would like to see from Paris baguette. One finding that I have found from the marketing research is that our shops location is inconvenient for people that are rushing. In addition, we open only at 10a.m, which is after the morning peak hour. Paris Baguette can make our stores more convenient for the working class by putting them near the MRT stations and opening our stores before the morning peak hour. By opening our stores during peak hour we can attract people who have not ate their breakfast as they are rushing for work, and by putting our stores near an MRT. It would make it much more convenient for people to come to our stores to buy our product especially those who are rushing. Marketing Mix Strategies of Paris Baguette Marketing mix consists on the 4Ps, which are product, price, promotion and place. We are going to analyse the marketing mix the Paris Baguette bakery. In first place, we can see that the Paris Baguette is a bakery with a high variety of products. The Paris Baguette supplies fresh bakery products in over 3000 locations worldwide. Their products are different for each country depending on the culture and the people of each country. They do not have the same products In United States and In Singapore, for example. This is because people from different countries have different preferences of taste. However, there are some common products in all their branches. For example, the most common products are the types of bread, the pastries and pie, the cakes, desserts and sandwiches and beverages. They also sell other type of products like cups of tea. Talking about the price, the price in the Paris Baguette is equal to the quality of the product and the cost of purchase. The Paris Baguette keeps affordable prices in order to be accessible for more people to attract more customers. Of course they have to analyse the competitors prices and offers before adjust the final price of their products. Also determining the demand of each product and the estimating costs. If a product has a high demand, the cost would increase. For example, a piece of cake would cost around $3.95. Talking about the promotion, the Paris Baguette is a bakery with lots of promotions. They use two different ways of promotion to attract people. The first way is to do advertisements about their products with nice pictures and an apparently family friendly place. The second way is doing sales promotion. For example, buy one dessert and get the second one free, or doing breakfast offers like a cup of coffee and a sandwich for $3.50. They use this two ways for promotion. Finally, the place. The Paris Baguette focuses always in getting branches in the centre of the cities. They are not interested in getting branches in small towns or places with not too much people. This is because they want a high average of people per day and this can achieved just in the centre of the cities and specific places. For example, in Singapore they have a big branch in Orchard, which is the main road in Singapore. Marketing Mix In my opinion, there are a few points that Paris Baguette could implement in  the future. This can be focus on the promotion events. In my opinion, the Paris Baguette could implement quite a lot their customers by doing some cake and bread events. Paris Baguette can attract more customers, while promoting their products. This could be done by doing some events each year rent a place in a shopping mall and set up a stage in a large crowd places . Meanwhile, while promoting their products, Paris Baguette can give out their new products with free of charge . This would be an improvement for their fame. This because as long as it is free, when people try their bakery products and it taste good, people will buy the products. These events will attract people from everywhere, which mean Paris Baguette will have more customers buying their products and it will increase their profit. â€Å"Profit in business comes from repeat customers, customers that boast about your project or service, and that bring friends with them.† (Edwards, 1993) Recommendation In Singapore, Bread Talk’s fame surpasses Paris Baguette. Thus, Paris Baguette may advertise on TV or newspaper in order to increases brand awareness. Besides, they also need to expand more branches all around Singapore in every single shopping malls to increase competitive. This is because are only four branches of Paris Baguette, which is far less than numbers of branches of Bread Talk and other bakery companies. Conclusion ‘Sang mi dang’ was a small bakery which began in 1945. After some improvement, Paris Baguette have been start up and their business expand with a rapid speed. Paris Baguette is a mature domestic franchise bakery with a high percentage of share terms and their shops have already franchised to worldwide. Paris Baguette have maintained their high position for a period. This is because they have did their Micro and Macro environmental factors, which will affect their business, and they try to overcome it. Besides, Paris Baguette also did investigation of its competitors, in order to know more about its competitors. After the investigation have done, they try to compare it to their own companies by using a perceptual mapping concept, which can help them to know their own range with its competitors. Moreover, to know how to gain more customers, Paris baguette choose a survey method by asking the random passers and to  know more about, which bakery products do they prefer or like. In addition, Paris baguette known as a bakery which more on product and price, which mean they sell high quality products. Therefore, they will choose a high quality of raw ingredients to produce their products and set up a higher price but reasonable. Nevertheless, Paris Baguette also choose more crowded area to set up their shop to let more people notice their shop and buy their products. Besides, in order to attract customer, Paris Baguette also did some promotions for theirs products such as the special of the day for the products. References Barney, J.B (1995). â€Å"Looking inside for competitive advantage,† Academy of Management Executive, 9(4), 49-61 Cafehopping. (2012-2014). Paris Baguette. Available: http://cafehopping.sg/review-post/paris-baguette-cafe-singapore/. Last accessed 3rd April 2014. Demographics of Singapore. [ONLINE] Available from: [Accessed 20 March 2014] Henry, A (2008), Understanding Strategic Management (1st ed.), Oxford : OUP. Jaeseok Jeong, et. al. (2013). Sucess Factor of Paris Baguette’s Bakery Frachise Business : Industry Competition and Core Competence Analysis. ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL. 15 (2), p1-27. James Manktelow. (1996-2014). The Marketing Mix and 4 Ps. Available: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm. Last accessed 3rd April 2014. Political Environment. [ONLINE] Available from: [Accessed 27 March 2014] Ray Kroc. (1902-1984). Ray Kroc quotes. Available: last accessed 1st April 2014. Ross Peros, (N.D).Quotes. Available: Last accessed 1st April 2014. S. Jaychandran (2006). Marketing Management: text and cases. New Delhi: Anurag Jain. Singapore is most business-friendly for 7th year straight By Malminderjit Singh The Business Times | Fri, Oct 26, 2012 [ONLINE] Available from: [Accessed 21 March 2014] W. Edwards. (1900-1993). W. Edwards Deming quotes. Available: http://thinkexist.com/quotation/profit_in_business_comes_from_repeat_customers/226671.html. Last accessed 3rd April 2014. What is a macro environment? [ONLINE] Available from: [Accessed 20 March 2014]

Ethics in Sport

As George Orwell said, â€Å"Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence. † In other words, sport isn’t just about game play anymore. The athletes we see in serious sport, the people who have acclaimed money and fame, usually expect better treatment from everyone else, they’re spoiled and therefore behave poorly on the basis they believe they can get away with it.This is why it is not only appropriate, but essential for sporting clubs to punish athletes for off field indiscretions, that is, behaviour that displays a lack of good judgement. Sporting clubs should show no lenience towards athletes who choose to put their sporting careers at risk by behaving in childish ways. Their contracts should result in termination, suspension or they should be fined, depending on the circumstance. Athletes who display idiotic behaviour create a financial l oss for their club as well as creating a negative image for them too.And, by being in the public eye, they are setting a bad example for their fans, especially the children who look up to them. Media coverage of off field indiscretions can create a negative image of the club that has employed the athlete involved. The Rugby league’s image problem is at a very bad state and is known to have so many scandals that even a Wikipedia page has been made for their record of off field indiscretions. On Sunday 17th April, 2011 there was a 60 Minutes report that highlighted the battle between AFL and Rugby league for junior participation.The parents that were interviewed admitted that the relatively clean-cut image of the AFL held greater appeal for them, and normally led to them persuading their kids not to choose Rugby league. Rugby players are continuously stained with a poor reputation because of the reckless actions of a very small minority. An athlete represents the club they belo ng to. So, when one member of the team is involved with off field indiscretions they are ruining it for the respectable players, in ways such as losing hard earned sponsorships.When an athlete displays poor behaviour they are initiating a loss of millions of dollars. Now, more than ever, sporting clubs are pressured by their athlete’s sponsors to take appropriate action for off field indiscretions . This is because when an athlete is involved with off field indiscretions their sponsors will dissociate themselves from the club. Tiger Wood’s disgusting adulterous indiscretions in 2010 received worldwide media attention, and the outcome of this negative coverage caused the loss of millions of dollars in sponsorship deals.On another note, long-standing Sydney Roosters sponsor, Samsung, dumped their club in 2009 after a series of off-field indiscretions left them no choice but to detach their brand with rugby league before it tarnished their own reputation. This indicates t hat such contracts should be terminated on the basis that the athlete’s behaviour had a drastic financial effect on the game. In a competitive sporting landscape, no club is in a position to be losing sponsors, nor are they in a position to be losing fans. Athletes are role models to our children.Unfortunately, it is almost unavoidable that children will observe athletes acting aggressively, as the media are irresponsible in over-covering and sensationalizing violent incidents in sport. Sociology professor at Oregon State and author of several published studies’ on athlete’s behaviour, Steven Ortiz, says: â€Å"Spoiled-athlete syndrome begins early in sports socialization. From the time they could be picked out of a lineup because of their exceptional athletic ability, they've been pampered and catered to by coaches, classmates, teammates, family members and partners. As they get older, this becomes a pattern.Because they're spoiled, they feel they aren't accou ntable for their behaviors off the field. They're so used to people looking the other way. † The athlete’s shouldn’t be used to people looking the way, and they simply can’t afford to while they are in the public eye, as role models. In psychology, I’ve learnt about ‘model behavior’ that is, that from a young age we imitate behavior we observe from our role models. In more detail, if they’re behavior is followed by a positive outcome we are more likely to imitate this behavior then if it were followed by a negative consequence.Therefore, if we expose our children to inappropriate athletes that aren’t punished for their off field-discretions – and these athletes happen to be perceived as role models, are we promoting our children to develop an aggressive repertoire of behavior? Many would argue that an off field indiscretion has no impact on the game play of the athlete, and therefore they should not be terminated as punishment from the game because they are a valuable team member.However, the decision by the AFL club, the Brisbane Lions to terminate the contract of star full-forward, Brendon Fevola demonstrates the fact that a player’s off field behaviour can be as much as a consideration as their on-field performance in regards to their employment. Brendon’s controversial antics included embarrassing drunken performances and in The Sunday Telegraph in June 2012 he was quoted saying â€Å"I grabbed a bottle of wine from her fridge and within 15 minutes it was empty.I opened another bottle, drank it, then went for another one. † The fact that the majority of athlete’s sign a code of conduct at the beginning of their careers which outlines what behaviour is expected from player, demonstrates that there are no exceptions and there should be no room for behaviour that doesn’t meet that expectation. It is essential for sporting clubs to punish athletes for their o ff field indiscretions. Any athlete who does not meet the expectation of the club should be terminated as a result.Although it may seem harsh, this is necessary as any idiotic behavior may have a great financial loss as a consequence, and also result in tarnishing their club’s reputation. Also, these athletes are role models to the general public, particularly young children. According to online website, Ranker, the Top 10 Most Popular Athletes published in February 2010, include adulterer Tiger Woods and drug-cheat Lance Armstrong – great role models, right?

Communication Within The Construction Industry Essay

Communication Within The Construction Industry - Essay Example In this context, it has been found that the Simon reports (1944, 1945, 1948) could be possibly regarded as a primary theoretical approach to the issue of communication in the construction industry. These reports refer to the â€Å"distribution of building materials, awareness of the problems faced and the contingency planning required to overcome post-war problems† (Emmitt et al., 2003, 12). In other words, there was an ‘indirect’ reference to the communication as a necessary element for the successful completion of a construction project. The study of the role of communication in the development of a construction project was expanded after the decade of 1960s while in the 1970s one of the most important studies appeared in the area is that of Broadbent’s Design and Architecture in 1973 which included â€Å"an entire chapter for the issue of communication† (Emmitt et al., 2003, 16). Another important study was also that of Paterson ‘Information Methods: For Design and Construction’ in 1977 which refer to the value of information towards the successful completion of a construction project. Other studies also followed in recent years emphasizing the need for effective communication in order to achieve the targets set in any construction project. Communication should be considered as an element of primary importance for the success of any construction project. In this context, it has been supported by Brown (2001, 1) that â€Å"communication has been cited by 25 per cent of all construction employers as a basic reason for failure†. On the other hand, it has been found that â€Å"differences in communication techniques, language and subsequent translation of the language into the design product mean that the existence of certain hurdles must be accepted; techniques need to be developed to ensure that they become simple obstacles, as opposed to

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Security Policy GDI Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Children cartoons - Case Study Example The fact that children are highly influenced during their formative years makes cartoons both a blessing and a threat. On a physical level, recent research has shown that watching cartoons can help to reduce pain in children facing medical procedures (Jenkins). It is theorized that cartoons cause a change in brain chemistry and may also be able to improve the child's sense of well-being. However, critics contend that the young viewer may copy behavior seen in cartoons. Research has found a "positive, though weak, relation between exposure to television violence and aggressive behaviour" (Research on the Effects of Media Violence). Cartoons have the ability to influence either for the good or the detriment of the child. In conclusion, cartoons are the most fundamental introduction that many children have to our culture. It has been shown that television, and cartoons, do have an effect on young viewers. It is important to consider that the program content may work to improve the child's sense of self and well being, or elicit the negative attitudes, such as aggression, that parents work hard to control.

I need me summary of psychological artilce Essay - 1

I need me summary of psychological artilce - Essay Example he specific areas related to the child’s proper growth and development included making an assessment of the core cognitive processes to see how mature or immature they were in late childhood, including processing speed (Hale, 1990), voluntary response suppression (Diamond & Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Fischer, Biscaldi, & Gezeck, 1997), and working memory (Zald & Iacono, 1998) Therefore the problem areas to be tested would be speed processing, inhibition towards voluntary response as well as the child’s working memory. There are many different traditional psychological testing methods, but the one that is most suited to assesses and evaluate the maturation of all these cognitive processes is the method of testing making uses of oculomotor tasks, which allows for testing across a wide range of age groups. The instructions for this method are simple and can be understood by children of all ages. Further the tasks in this method involve encoding responses in visual, auditory, motor, speech and psychological processes. Finally, oculomotor tasks are especially well suited for informing us about the brain basis of development because these tasks have been used to characterize the neural basis of cognition in single-cell studies of nonhuman primates (Barbas, 2000; Funahashi, Chafee, & Goldman-Rakic, 1993;) Results for the maturation of response suppression errors indicated that a changepoint occurred at 14 years of age. For the ODR task, the changepoint occurred at 19 years of age. The results for other variables included the response latency which were significantly correlated across all the tasks. In the antisaccade task, visual and memory guided responses correlated with the prosaccade rates. Hence, various results show that though the development of inhibition in response is somewhat primarily independent of the speed processing development, yet where maturation is concerned, working memory does contribute significantly, demonstrating that voluntary/cognitive control

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business report - Essay Example On that note, there is S.W.O.T analysis and the superseding recommendations that are also critical in the success of a company in a foreign country. 1.0 Introduction ABC Learning is a center for childcare and a huge provider of early childhood education services in Australia. It was acquired by GoodStart Childcare in late 2009 (after ABC had opted for liquidation in 2008) and was deemed as the largest early childhood education provider globally. The market capitalization of this institution, according to Australian Securities Exchange, is A$2.5 billion as noted in March 2006, and it has branches around the country. Similarly, because GoodStart Childcare Limited is a not-for-profit entity, there have been plans to open branches in other countries. On that account, the best choice has been South Africa because of many reasons that we are going to discuss1. However, it is imperative to observe that South Africa has been a viable choice because of its economic prosperity and economic sta bility. The only second-world country in Africa also has a warm socio-cultural environment that does not discriminate but allows lasting integration. 2.0 P.E.S.T.E.L Analysis 2.1 Political Environment The political nature of South Africa is among the friendliest in Africa as compared to other nations. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, the country has witnessed successive calm transitions of the ANC government that encouraged more investors and tourists. Similarly, the parliament has passed numerous policies and acts which directly support foreign investment. This is because of the various advantages of such ventures in the form of the employment creation and improvement of living standards. On the same scope, the number of deals and tenders the government offers to foreign businesses has been increased by the friendliness towards foreign investment2. It is also fundamental to observe that about 40% of feasible tenders are offered to foreign investors, making South Africa the bigge st provider of tenders in Africa. Therefore, ABC Learning would be able to make profit by the imparting of knowledge to children of all colors in South Africa. 2.2 Economic Environment In terms of economic properties of South Africa, there are many interesting issues to note. For example, the management skills of most South African businesspersons are highly trained and admirable. This starts from time management whereby managers and workers prefer to arrive at their work places early due to the love of their job. Additionally, during meetings, burning issues are debated satisfactorily in order to attain a workable solution3. In other words, the forging of relationships at the workplace is paramount in order to solidify the essence of economic prosperity between nations. For example, ABC Learning plans to establish a branch that will realize economic success within a given time. Furthermore, in the context of doing business with other nations, South Africa was ranked number 34 in 20 11, which places it among the most promising countries in the Global Index4. In the same context, the income category of the country is classified as upper middle income. Additionally, the per capita of South Africa is (US$) 5,770.00 with a population of 49,320,150, making the country only closer to nations such as Brazil and India. Therefore, these factors should encourage ABC Learning to have a chance of success in

ROTERDAM RULES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ROTERDAM RULES - Essay Example With different countries following their own choicest laws to protect and further their own commercial interests, global sea trade has been thrown into a quagmire of anarchy and gross malpractices which need to be thoroughly cleansed before accountability and responsibility fixtures are made. While the shipper and the ship owners had added responsibilities under the new Rules, it is also envisaged to introduce modern communication and technological innovations including e-commerce documentation, have sound laws for container movements and also bring in new laws and conventions that could fill the gaps left in the previous Shipping rules, especially with regard to Deck Cargo and balancing of risks and responsibility among the various players in the sea trade. It is widely believed that with more and more countries signing up for the Rotterdam Rules, it would fulfil its role as a precursor of robust and rule based transportation of Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea. â€Å"The Rotterdam Rules are the direct and natural result of the deregulation and reforms that have been a boon to shippers, allowing for the flexibility and customized transportation central to any efficient supply chain.† (Rotterdam Rules, 2009). The reason for the replacement was that the old versions did not included criteria for the carriage of goods in containers and transferring electronic data. This was the main reason that made the court of law to reinvent the old versions of law. The Rotterdam rules clearly states the responsibility and accountability in certain situations where the container are stolen or if any damages happen to the ship. The other parties who are involved in the chain are also liable for the loss that happens while the goods are carried through sea. All these conditions were not included in the Hague rules and the Hague-Visby rules and the Hamburg rules. â€Å"The Ordinance of Rotterdam of 1721 declared that the owners should not

Ancient Indian Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Ancient Indian Mathematics Essay There are opposing views prevalent regarding the prominence of mathematics in ancient India. One, there are those who make excessive claims for the antiquity of Indian mathematics with the motive of emphasizing the uniqueness of Indian mathematical achievements. Whereas, the other conflicting views denies the existence of any ‘real’ Indian mathematics before A. D. 500. This view is the result of deeply entrenched Euro centrism that does not negotiate with the idea of independent developments in early Indian mathematics. Whereas mathematics grew out of philosophy in ancient Greece, it was an outcome of linguistic developments in India. In fact the algebraic character of ancient Indian mathematics is but a byproduct of the well-established linguistic tradition of representing numbers by words. ? Around 800 B. C. Vedic mathematics declined and Jains School of mathematics gradually which was to do notable work in the field. ? From about 200 B. C. was period of instability and fragmentation due to foreign invasions but also of useful cross cultural contacts. Probably the only piece of existing mathematical evidence from this period is the Bakhshali manuscript. ? This period ranges from 3rd to 12th centuries and is referred to as the classical period of Indian civilization. Mathematical activities reached a climax with the appearance of the famous quartet: Brahmagupta, Mahvika and Bhaskracharya. Indian work on astronomy and mathematics spread westward, reaching the Islamic world where it was absorbed, refined and augmented before being transmitted to Europe. This last period described as the medieval period of Indian history, saw the migration of astronomy and mathematics from the north to south. Particularly in present day state of Kerala, this was a period marked by remarkable studies of infinite series and mathematical analysis that predated similar works in Europe by about three hundred years. Harappan society was a highly organized society. There is every possibility that the town dwellers were skilled in mensuration and practical ar ithmetic of a bid similar to what was practiced in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Archaeological findings from that period provide the following indications of the numerate culture of that society: ? It shows uniformity of weights over such a wide area and time which is quite unusual in the history of metrology. Taking 27. 584 grams as a standard, representing 1, the other weights form a series of 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 5, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500. Such standardization and durability is a strong indication of a numerate culture with wellestablished, centralized system of weights and measures. Scales and instruments for measuring length have also been discovered with remarkably high accuracy. A notable feature of Harappan culture was its extensive use of kiln-fired bricks and the advanced level of its brick-making technology. These bricks are exceptionally well baked and of excellent quality and may still be used over and over again provided some care is taken in removing them in the first place. Fifteen different sizes of Harappan bricks have been identif ied with standard ratio of the three dimensions as 4:2:1. It was thought until recently that from them evolved first the Bakhshali Number system and then the Gwalior system which is recognizably close to our present day number system. In both Bakshati and Gwalior number systems, ten symbols were used to represent 1 to 9 and zero. With them it became possible to express any number, irrespective of its largeness, by a decimal place value system. Long lists of number- names for powers of 10 are found in various early sources. In the Ramayana, it is reported that Rama had an army of 1010 +1014 +1020 +1024 +1030 +1034 +1040 +1044 +1052 +1057 +1062 +5 men. The very existence of names for powers of ten up to sixty two indicates that the Vedic Indians were quite at home with very large numbers. This is to be compared with ancient Greeks, who had no words for numbers above the myriad (104). The Jains who came after the Vedic Indians were particularly fascinated by even larger numbers which were intimately tied up with their philosophy of time and space. For units of measuring time, the Jains suggested following relationship: 1 purvis = 756 * 1011 days 1 shirsa prahelika = (8,400,000)28 purvis The last number contains 194 digits! The word numeral system was the logical outcome of proceeding by the multiples of 10. Such a system presupposes a scientifically based vocabulary of number names in which the principles of addition, subtraction and multiplication are used. Â  Due to oral mode of preserving and disseminating knowledge, the wordnumeral system persisted in India. As a replacement to this, a new concrete system was devised to help versification and memory, known as bhutasamkhya, wherein numbers were indicated by well-known objects or ideas.

Global Geographical Features Essay Example for Free

Global Geographical Features Essay Throughout global history civilizations have been developed and destroyed. This is due to geographical features surrounding the nation or region. The geographical features can benefit a region, but it may also be the source of a catastrophic event. These geographical features include mountains, oceans, and volcanoes and so on. A geographical feature that has had both positive and negative effects on a nation or region would be ocean. An ocean like the Pacific Ocean can be able to provide a region with seafood to help a civilization developed with a surplus of food. An ocean could also allow a region to create a trade route between other regions, this can be proven true because the Atlantic Ocean was used throughout history as a major trade route from Europe to North America. A negative effect of an ocean would be that a nation can be more susceptible to tsunamis. For example eastern Asia could be more easily open to this because there are a lot of archipelagoes that are surrounded by a lot of water. This would destroy all of the land close to the ocean, which would leave you without shelter and crops. This would eventually lead to starvation which may cause people to migrate over to a safer place. Geographical features have been part of history, and have made the world what it is today. These features could even provide protection for a civilization that is trying to develop. This is way before a civilization actually settles they make sure of how they will use their new surroundings.

Porters Five Forces Model of Competitive Advantage

Porters Five Forces Model of Competitive Advantage The aim of this paper is to critically analyse Porters 5-Forces framework and the concept of the Resource-Based view (RBV) which originated from Wernerfelt (1984) to develop strategy as a source of competitive advantage. A comparative analysis between the two approaches is undertaken. This paper further attempt to contrast the two frameworks taking into consideration what researchers have identified throughout the development of both theories. The methodology applied to approach this paper commences by briefly defining both concepts and their focus of attention. The analysis then identifies common elements found in both theories supported by diverse researchers opinions and views. This section undertakes a critical approach which serves a primary need to reach the objectives of the paper. The paper then proceeds with an essential critique of fundamental differences between the two approaches under investigation. Specific uncomplimentary elements are identified within both framework and which are critically expounded. The paper concludes with a discussion on what could be the future of both theories and their contribution towards strategy formulation for organisations to gain competitive advantage. The Key Elements of Porters and RBV Theories It is pertinent to define briefly the key elements of both theoretical frameworks on which this paper will based to carry out a critical and contrast analysis. Porters 5-Forces The theory originating from industrial economics forms part of the classical perspectives of strategies developed throughout the last fourty years of the twentieth century (Whittington 2001). Porter (1980), specialising on competitive strategy, designed a model of five competitive forces, to assess the attractiveness of the industry via which the corporate strategy can effectively capitalise on both present and emerging market opportunities. This model serves as an indispensible tool in critically analysing both the structure and dynamics of the industry in which the organisation pertains (Fortenberry 2009). These five forces incorporate the threat of new entrants and substitute products or services to the industry on a horizontal dimension and the vertical dimensions of suppliers and customers bargaining powers. Both dimensions intersect on the fifth force consisting of the rivalry amongst current competitors in the industry (Porter 1980:4). The theory claims that profitability is h ighest when competition is lower and that competition erodes profits (ibid). It further sustains that some competition should be avoided and the theorist gives advice on how firms can maximize profits through maintaining or changing fundamental industry structures. However, empirical investigation has failed to support the link between industry structure and profitability (Grant 1991:117). Furthermore, Grove (1996) claims that government strategic forces are ignored in Porters theory. The Resource -Based View The RBV framework designed by Wernerfelt (1984), is essential to assess strength and weaknesses within a business concern so as to engineer a strategic competitive advantage. Wernerfelt (cited in UoL 2009:65) advocated, that Sustainable competitive advantages are conferred by resources which are hard to imitate and scarce relative to their economic value. The RBV strategic theory links resources, capabilities, competitive advantage and profitability and their synergistic combination, ensures a sustainable competitive advantage to the firm (Grant 1991). Theorists such as Fahy and Smithee (1999) remarked that the development of this framework took a step forward when diverse strategists became bored with Porters 5-forces theory, and found possible alternatives in the RBV theory. Grant (1991) claims that this theory can be appropriately applied in the development of robust long tern strategies. Primarily the RBV is focused on the maximisation of resources to economically perform efficie ntly and fulfill customer requirements. It is not surprising that this theory has its critics. Hooley et al. (1998) disagrees with this theoretical approach by arguing that due to its internal focal point it jeopardises the importance of external market requirements. Furthermore, Grant (1991) implies that little effort has been done to provide practical applications of the RBV which brought him to develop his 5-stages approach to strategy analysis. Common elements in both Porters and RBV frameworks Diverse researchers such as Spanos and Lioukas (2001) claimed that both Porters and RBVs perspectives on strategic formulation are similar. Firstly, they both assume that regular higher profits are possible to achieve and secondly both approaches attempt to define the term competitive advantage (ibid). Conversely, one can notice that both theories have contradicting and differing definitions of competitive advantage Grant (1991). This is further supported by claims made by Fahy and Smithee (1999) that both theoretical frameworks could have elements of vagueness and uncertainty in their methodology and both are obscure in their pragmatic approach. Both theorists have been criticised for their stagnant approach towards the strategy development which in its originality is definitely ever-changing (Dickson cited in Fahy and Smithee (1999). Porters and Wernefelts approaches to strategy development for competitive advantage were critised by various researches for their lack of practical applications when strategic managers formulated their strategies to combat competition (Conner 1991; Grant 1991; Foss 1996). Besides, there is little evidence on to what extent both theories assist managers to take strategic decisions (Bridoux n.d.). Fundamental Differences between Porters 5-Forces and RBV The RBV and Porters framework, endorse a number of differences. Porters 5-forces (1980) model adopts a macroeconomic perspective of the industry whilst the RBV approach focuses on the micro perspective of the firms resources. Foss (1996) claims that Porter failed to assess the businesses potential of exploiting their resources so as to effectively implement their strategic plan. Furthermore, researchers such as Bridoux (n.d.:7) claims that In Porters framework, the accumulation of resources is part of the implementation of the strategy dictated by conditions and constraints in the external environment. This is in contrast with RBVs framework where managers apply their resources and capabilities to lead organisations to competitive advantage over their rivals. Therefore, one can argue that Porters theory ignored the potential of the use of internal resources to determine strategies. Although the RBV can be applied tactfully so as to assess both resources and capabilities, however, it focuses simply on the internal infrastructure of the organisation. Conversely, Porters model adopts a wider macroeconomic perspective, capitalising on an outside approach. The nature of performance that an organisation can attain marks also a fundamental distinction when contrasting Wernerfelt and Porters theories. On reviewing the RBV, it transpires that it represents efficiency in terms of how the business resources perform to maximise their over-capacity and in the meantime satisfy customer demand. In contrast, Porters approach focuses on the ability of the firm to exploit the monopolistic benefits of the market that differentiate between industries performance (Conner 1991). Besides the contrasting disagreements between both theoretical frameworks mentioned above, Foss (1996) claimed that the RBV approach is focused on long term strategy and can be applied to identify potential hazards by assessing opponents resources and capabilities. Conversely, Porters framework is oriented towards the external environment in terms of the short run with concepts such as commitment, signaling, the role played by exit barriers (Foss cited in Bridoux n.d:6). Uncomplimentary Elements within Porters 5 -Forces and RBV Frameworks The author of this paper identified various elements within both frameworks and which are uncomplimentary to each other. These are critically anaylsed. This paper approach will contribute to the comparative analysis undertaken and furthermore enhance the contrasting discussion of the two models under investigation. One of the characteristics that is claimed to be found in the RBV by Barney et al. (2001) is that an entrepreneurs can be illuminated through this theory as they can value their resources as a competitive advantage over their rivals. One can argue that the term entrepreneurial knowledge can be by far easily associated with the RBV approach rather than Porters framework. With respect to emerging markets, RBV research has been important in suggesting that local firms are interested in using foreign alliances to acquire advantages over their domestic rivals, in emphasising the importance of network ties as an intangible resource for entrepreneurial start-up and in understanding the changing benefits of unrelated diversification as economic institution develop. (Barney et al. 2001:630). Other diverse researchers advocate that the RBV can assist firms to evaluate competitive advantage through an ethical approach by applying Corporate Social Responsibility in theory strategy formulation (Russo and Fouts cited in Barney et al. 2001). Besides, one cannot ignore what Powell and Dent-Micallef (cited in Barney et al.2001) remarked that the human resource skills combined with the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can play an important role within organisations to enable them to compete. A prominent and complimentary element of the ethics and ICT approaches found in the RBVs framework and which is not found in Porters theory is the contribution towards the appreciation of strategic Human Resources Management (HRM) (Wright et al. cited in Barney et al. 200l). Supporters of RBVs theory claim that the approach towards the perceived benefits of using human resources practices can be used by firms as a competitive weapon. However, Barney remarked that: As yet research has failed to test empirically whether HRM practices are path dependent, casually ambiguous, or imitable. Similarly, there is a lack of evidence that HRM practices impact the skills and behaviour of the workforce, or that these factors are linked to performance. (Barney et al. 2001:628) Moreover, Grant (1991:119) when referring to the association of HRM with the RBV framework remarks that probably the most strategically important resources of the firm can be highly vulnerable because they are mobile and can be attracted by competitors. There are even some conflicting views by different authors whether Porters framework appreciates the role of industry co-operation when determining strategies. For example, Bridoux (n.d.:5) claimed that Porter 1980s work is that it over emphasises competition to the detriment of co-operation. Conversely, Aubert and Morel Guimaraes (n.d.) states that Porters embraces a strategic approach towards co-operation between industries. In fact, quoting Aubert and Morel Guimaraes (n.d.:5) Porter argues that by strategy of cooperation, the companies achieve a stronger positioning together than they would in individual, in isolation. Conclusion Throughout this critical assessment of both theories, it emerged with a degree of certainty that Porters theory greatly differs from the RBV approach as it is focused on industry rather than on the organisations resources. Also, it can be concluded that both strategic frameworks are focused towards achieving profitable maximisation through competitive advantage. However the RBV recommends the use of resources to achieve this goal whilst Porter approach uses the ability of the industry to position itself appropriately within its competitive forces. Surprisingly, this paper found out that theories have been critised for their severe practicality limitations. Imai (n.d.) advocated that Each organisation is a collection of unique resources and capabilities that provides the basis of its strategy and the primary source of its returns. However, from a critical perspective, the author of this paper concludes that although the performance of an organisation is determined by its unique resources and capabilities, the industrys structural characteristics cannot be granted secondary consideration.

Lord of the Flies Characters :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Characters In his first novel, William Golding used a group of boys stranded on a tropical island to illustrate the malicious nature of mankind. Lord of the Flies dealt with changes that the boys underwent as they gradually adapted to the isolated freedom from society. Three main characters depicted different effects on certain individuals under those circumstances. Jack Merridew began as the arrogant and self-righteous leader of a choir. The freedom of the island allowed him to further develop the darker side of his personality as the Chief of a savage tribe. Ralph started as a self-assured boy whose confidence in himself came from the acceptance of his peers. He had a fair nature as he was willing to listen to Piggy. He became increasingly dependent on Piggy's wisdom and became lost in the confusion around him. Towards the end of the story his rejection from their society of savage boys forced him to fend for himself. Piggy was an educated boy who had grown up as an outcast. Due to his acade mic childhood, he was more mature than the others and retained his civilized behaviour. But his experiences on the island gave him a more realistic understanding of the cruelty possessed by some people.The ordeals of the three boys on the island made them more aware of the evil inside themselves and, in some cases, made the false politeness that had clothed them disappear. However, the changes experienced by one boy differed from those endured by another. This is attributable to the physical and mental differences between them. Jack was first described with having an air of cruelty that made him naturally unlikeable. As leader of the choir and one of the tallest boys on the island, Jack's physical height and authority matched his arrogant personality. His desire to be Chief was clearly evident in his first appearance. When the idea of having a Chief was mentioned Jack spoke out immediately. "I ought to be chief," said Jack with simple arrogance, "because I'm chapter chorister and head boy." He led his choir by administering much discipline resulting in forced obedience from the cloaked boys. His ill-nature was well expressed through his impoliteness in saying, "Shut up, Fatty." at Piggy (p. 23). However, despite his unpleasant personality, his lack of courage and his conscience prevented him from killing the first pig they encountered: "They knew very well why he hadn't: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood" (p.

moralhf Essays - Morality in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Morality in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In every persons life at one point they will have to make a choice based on their moral beliefs. These decisions can show what a person believes in right from the start. In Mark Twains' The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the main character Huck, makes two very important moral decisions. The first being how he treats Jim when he first meets him at Jackson's Island and the second is to tear up the letter to Miss Watson out of his love for Jim. When Huck first runs away from Pap he goes to Jackson's Island and thinks that he is the only person there. He soon finds out that this is not true, and that "Miss Watsons Jim"(41) is taking refuge there as well. Many people would hate to be alone on an island with a "nigger"(43), but Huck is instead happy to have someone to converse with. At first Jim thinks he sees Hucks ghost and is petrified. Huck eases Jims feelings by changing the subject and saying "It's good daylight, le's get breakfast"(41), showing that Huck is not only real but he does not mind that Jim is black. Jim feels that Huck might tell on him for running away, but he then decides that it will be okay to tell him why he ran away from Miss Watson. Jim keeps asking Huck if he is going to tell anyone about his running away, and Huck replies "People would call me a low down abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum but that don't make no difference I aint gonna tell"(43). Hucks response truly shows that hi s ignorance has no bearing over his moral kindness. When taken into consideration good morality is much more important in the long run than being the most intelligent person. After journeying with Jim for quite some time Huck begins to feel bad about harboring a runaway slave. He decides to write a letter to Miss Watson explaining the whole story, because Jim had been sold and he does not know where he is. Huck was indeed confused about what he should do so he dropped he dropped to his knees and began to pray.

How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years :: Employment Unemployment Economics Essays

How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years The different types of Unemployment There are many different types of unemployment, these are: frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, classical unemployment, and demand deficient unemployment. Frictional unemployment is unemployment for a short duration of time as workers move from one job to another. Over the last 20 years information has improved and people are more aware of the availability of better paid job, promotions etc and hence they may be moving form job to job more often hence increasing temporary frictional employment. Structural unemployment is caused by a lack of capital for goods and services in the economy or a particular sector. As the structure of an economy changes, certain workers may find themselves made redundant as their skills are no longer required, or that the region in which they live does not have enough employment opportunities. An example of this is the British ship building industry, which has contracted to the extent that workers with skills appropriate to this industry either cannot find jobs at all or must migrate to find them. Structural unemployment will be affected by the cost and availability of retraining, which would allow people to acquire skills which will be useful to them in filling the vacancies which are available. The ease of relocation within the country will also have an effect on structural unemployment. As the economy moves according to the business cycle, there are booms and recessions, and this is reflected in output and unemployment over the last 20 years structural unemployment has fluctuated accordingly due to the lack of capital, with recession in the early 1990's and high structural unemployment and booms in recent past with low structural unemployment. The lack of employment at this time is due to the lack of money to invest and expand, and as a result output is greatly reduced. However, nowadays, unlike the past 20 years, credit is now available much more easily for companies through banks and building societies so not as many employees are affected by structural unemployment. Demand deficient unemployment is caused by a lack of demand. Keynes believed that unemployment had more to do with the goods market than the labour market. Low demand in the goods market would mean low overall output, and therefore low demand for labour, over the last 20 years, demand has raised overall hence demand deficient unemployment will reduce. During times of recession there is very little output and not many people are needed in the workforce. This leads to high unemployment levels. This situation arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when there was a recession. How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years :: Employment Unemployment Economics Essays How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years The different types of Unemployment There are many different types of unemployment, these are: frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, classical unemployment, and demand deficient unemployment. Frictional unemployment is unemployment for a short duration of time as workers move from one job to another. Over the last 20 years information has improved and people are more aware of the availability of better paid job, promotions etc and hence they may be moving form job to job more often hence increasing temporary frictional employment. Structural unemployment is caused by a lack of capital for goods and services in the economy or a particular sector. As the structure of an economy changes, certain workers may find themselves made redundant as their skills are no longer required, or that the region in which they live does not have enough employment opportunities. An example of this is the British ship building industry, which has contracted to the extent that workers with skills appropriate to this industry either cannot find jobs at all or must migrate to find them. Structural unemployment will be affected by the cost and availability of retraining, which would allow people to acquire skills which will be useful to them in filling the vacancies which are available. The ease of relocation within the country will also have an effect on structural unemployment. As the economy moves according to the business cycle, there are booms and recessions, and this is reflected in output and unemployment over the last 20 years structural unemployment has fluctuated accordingly due to the lack of capital, with recession in the early 1990's and high structural unemployment and booms in recent past with low structural unemployment. The lack of employment at this time is due to the lack of money to invest and expand, and as a result output is greatly reduced. However, nowadays, unlike the past 20 years, credit is now available much more easily for companies through banks and building societies so not as many employees are affected by structural unemployment. Demand deficient unemployment is caused by a lack of demand. Keynes believed that unemployment had more to do with the goods market than the labour market. Low demand in the goods market would mean low overall output, and therefore low demand for labour, over the last 20 years, demand has raised overall hence demand deficient unemployment will reduce. During times of recession there is very little output and not many people are needed in the workforce. This leads to high unemployment levels. This situation arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when there was a recession.

History of Electrocardiography Machine Essay

History of electrocardiography prevails over two centuries as an intellectual exercise as the process of inventing an electrocardiogram started with the Galvani’s idea of animal electricity. In 1842 this idea was further reinforced by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci who illustrated by his experiments that electric current could be quantified from inactive heart muscle. German physiologist Emil Dubois-Reymond further explored this phenomenon and confirmed Carlo Matteucci’s conclusion and labeled this changing current in the resting muscle as â€Å"action potential†. He further developed a device that could deliver stimulation pulses to the muscles and was capable of computing discharge current of muscles at short intervals. In 1856 Rudolph von Koelliker and Heinrich Muller recorded an â€Å"action potentialâ€Å"on the spotaneous beating heart. But the major development came in 1872 when French physicist Gabriel Lippmann introduced a capillary electrometer. This capillary electrometer was based on the principle of â€Å"polarization† and â€Å"surface tension†. Structurally it was a slender glass tube with mercury-sulphuric acid base. The mercury meniscus stirred with the influx of electrical potential and was observable by a microscope. In 1893, Willem Einthoven who is considered as the inventor of modern electric cardiogram and its various principles used the term ‘electrocardiogram’ at a conference of the Dutch Medical Association. But major development occurred during the three years staring from 1901 when Einthoven dissatisfied with capillary electrometer and it slow response, designed a string galvanometer. This galvanometer contained a string eletromagnet to produce a magnetic flux, two piece poles, a quartz string between the two piece poles, peepholes in the two piece poles to observe the position of string. It further contained a lamp and timing systen to examine the shadow of string at different time intervals. The weight of this whole apparatus was about 600 pounds. He further modified the string galvanometer to invent a more effective electrocardiograms. However in 1902, Einthoven brought out the first electrocardiogram that was recorded on his string galvanometer. This was a giant’s leap in the history of bio-medical. In order to produce string galvanometer on commercial level, Einthoven discussed the possibilities with Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. So this event made the electrocardiogram to come out of experimentation and to be used in medical profession. Einthoven, in 1906, circulated the first presentation electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer. These electrocardiograms included the specimen of left and right ventricular and atrial, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats etc. In 1910, Horatio Williams who was professor at Cornell University Medical College, New York issued electrocardiograms of patient that manifest atrial and ventricular ectopics, ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation that were recorded in hospital using a complex system of cables. This was first large-scale use of electrocardiograms in the hospitals. With the advent and introduction of vacuum tubes, the electric galvanometer was further modified and improved. In 1926, Ernestine and Levine used these vacuum tubes to produce enlarged images. Cathode rays tube further helped to produce portable electrocardiograms. Today electrocardiograms works on the same principles that were devised Einthoven in the first decade of 20th century. References Burchell HB. A centennial note on Waller and the first human electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:979-983 Burch, G.E. A History of Electrocardiography. Chicago. Year Book Medical. 1964. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Medical History Supplement 5: 1985, 53-76. Published as a monograph. The emergence of modern cardiology. Bynum WF, Lawrence C, Nutton V, eds. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine:1985. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:937-949 Plonsey, R. Bioelectric Phenomenon. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1972.

A Response to a Historical Essay Based on the US Civil War Essay

The fight as people direct cognize and understood it, has inculcated nonhing scarcely violence. all over the fib, the remnants of diametric struggles became app bent because of the horrors that it caused and imbibed within the complimentary lives of people not involved with it. In addition, those who accept actually participated in strugglefares, involutionworn and inflicted with such(prenominal) violence give the gate plainly immortalise the dreadful cause that it left. However, recent studies and approaches to war histories suggest early(a)wise.Indeed, there adopt been many horrors inflicted by the war towards innocent victims women, children, elderly, and the soldiers themselves. unless on a diametric light, the term by Drew Gilpin Faust shows that these wars, although violent and bloody, have brought numerous lessons that only the battlefield can best teach the people. In line of reasoning to the usual and common notion perceiving war as evil and violen t, some historians status the war as an enlightening limit in the history.Francis Parkman debated that the the severalizesns, who have for so want been vilified by their pursuit for success, will be purified and strengthened after a assuage of war wherein they shall call out for late ideals and they shall learn to appreciate emotions and sen clippingnts relevant for them to break selfishness and greed (Faust, 2004, pp. 369-370). In a distinct manner, the the Statesns have been dominating the inter dry landal compass due to their indespensable strength and the supremacy that they throw before less developed and debilitateder countries.And as such, this rendered the Americans the incap skill to be come up keen of other nations sentiments towards their leadership. And with this, the military issues of the war can be the only way to bring around precious realizations towards the Americans. Although no oneness can recall that in reality, the wars that people have brave ly fought caused numerous of lives gone to waste. However, in spite of the horrors of losing love ones, comrades and brothers became a necessary sacrifice in recite to purify a nation that has been subjected to ill doings and a convey to cleanse the people out of their sins committed against their own nation and other nations.It may seem morbid to other people, but more civilians became largely interested in understanding the experiences of the fighters firsthand. urbaneians became more willing to sapidity the sensation because for them, these experiences will render them the ability to become more humane flavour different sensations and privilege of having emotions for them to grasp (Faust, 2004, p. 372). Those who served the soldiers to cure the wounded became immensely cheerful of their tasks.For them, the patients that they attended to and the wounds that they had to cure introduced them to richer and new insights. And though these may have connoted a gravid level o f violence, nonetheless these experiences explored a gigantic deal out of their humanity. And for those who have endured the battle themselves as soldiers, a number hardened such experience with rejoice despite the destruction and chaos that it caused them (Faust, 2004, p. 372).With all these perceptions close wars, Civil state of war in particular, roughly of the historians developed spectacularer interests in tackling the horrors and lessons that come with it. The fondness of approximately of Americans in the wars that they have fought became distinct that most of the historians have consecrated a large do of their time and career to discover the truth hindquarters the Civil War and the lessons that it has ought to teach the people. As such, over the history, numerous books and studies have been developed that were dedicated to the Civil War.James McPhersons book entitled Battle hollo of Freedom was one of the most noteworthy composition and a direct beneficiary of the Civil Wars fame. It turned out to become one of the most respected and famous books that tackled the experiences behind the war. Consequently, the diary of Southern History alike became one of the best compositions that broadly represented the different aspects of the conflicts during the Civil War. Given the significant enlarge of peoples interest in the war, it is logical to wonder what has triggered the peoples desire to study more more or less it.Ken flash explained that the issues confronted during the Civil War era is continously reflecting the contemporary issues that Americans still example today (Faust, 2004, pp. 374-375). In addition to Burns explanation, several writers have also come to the conclusion that people are still interested with the cause and force of the Civil War because it has shaped modern Americas society and culture. They believe that the horrors and lessons behind the war, though they are well dreaded, are keys to discover Americas roots and or igin. The whole point of the clause really does make sense.The turnout and effects of the war that it bestowed upon the country, the fighters involved in it, and the greater number of innocent lives who had to bear with the war experiences becomed a huge impact that is impossible to forget in a lifetime. The different aspects and different angles given to the study of Civil War offered a great amount of help in understanding the fruits and losings behind the incident. As such, such wars and battles reverberate the history of America. During the present era, the war that America has fought and is still fighting presents the same outcome numerous lives lost and land and belongings devastation.Same with Americas preliminary war engagement, they invented the war in order to control violence (Faust, 2004, p. 381). Equipped with weak evidences behind Americas onset against Iraq, America has acted in order to create for their country a sense of meaning, designing and goal-directedn ess (Faust, 2004, p. 381). Again, America was pushed into a war in order to regain superiority and control. Indeed, the wars that America has fought came with distinct lessons despite the unwanted memories and experiences that the wars have unleashed.But despite these horrors, the American organization still pushed their nations onto a different battle regardless of what the world has to say about it. It is true, the Civil War taught Americans a great deal of lessons which were learned the hardest and most ugly way. But now, they stand the war again and numerous studies about the wars may not have helped at all. War, from the dawn of the history until the present generation, is still yet a battle that has not been won. Reference Faust, D. G. (2004). We Should upgrade Too Fond of It Why We get laid the Civil War. Civil War History. (pp. 368-383). The Kent State University Press.

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

The Philippines. The Pearl of the Orient Seas, a country ripe full of wonderful places, places being visited of tourists from different countries. A great country with great people called Filipinos. Filipinos, people with such nice traits.Our customer social support will happily tell you if there arent any little special offers in the current time, along with own make sure youre getting the service that our good company may deliver.They are hospitable ones, close friend or a complete stranger; they always make a time to smile to you and ask if you’re feeling alright. Cheerful, they are, and academically talented too! Reciting poems expressing the appropriate feelings, singing to the gilt top of their lungs, dancing so gracefully that you want to join them. They are hard-working, industrious they are. They are also religious of course, they surrender click all to God.Its saddening to take note that its a incorrect practice of democracy.

I just can’t think what why we, Filipinos are not proud of our nationality, how our country. Why we, choose other products than ours, because in our own mind things made locally are ‘CHEAP’ which is totally not true, we are policy makers of world class items. We should be proud of our country. Don’t you know that we, Filipinos, are admired by people around the world? They love the Philippines AND the Filipinos.Pupils lead busy daily lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.Condescending a name for the high cost is a step.God made me, love is.

My story isnt reflective of cell all the Filipino atheists.Your position should be established inside the first married couple of paragraphs of your essay, and it should long stay constant.There are numerous misconceptions about people.There are an endless number of small quantities of misconceptions about atheists.

Is why it is extremely resourceful to write on apply your mailing for literature review legit about-yourself.Embracing christ our culture is.Our society has a great deal to face they might not have the capacity to help you at this moment.Be an perfect active citizen there are plenty of approaches to be an active Filipino citizen, great but among the simplest and most significant is the act of voting.

Reading methods

slope 1001 requires you to restitution supererogatory mannikines including English cv and 106, in somebody I do non similar this method acting of companyes simply I do approve my one hundred five class proscribed of each(a) of them, beca riding habit of this I am invariably so effrontery piles of narration substantial In my 1001 class I lately assume an obligate forecasted O. K. methamphetamine hydrochloride by Gary Shteyngart which is an cla employment intimately the glaze developed by Google t eyelid posterior be shoot for pictures, demean painting, en fitted video lambast with an opposite(prenominal) psyche everywhere Skype, and legion(predicate) other functions.When I was indicant this oblige active 2 weeks agone it became extremely misidentify to count on emerge ho was lecture either the source or the person he was interviewing. I employ this phrase to compose a detailed exam essay, examining the aspects of the name and decisi on making whether I concur with the causality or non. The recital was virtually how the beginning was commensurate to get ahold of a duette Google sparkler and he was invited by Google to observe their Google Basecamp, which was to inform him round the functions of Google looking glass and all the possibilities victimization these eye glass could produce.Shteyngart went around interviewing peck on what they cerebration of wish-wash and similarly conducted his wn tests on it as a lift off of this obligate. For this interpreting I chose KWL+, personally I fill this scheme whole caboodle the stunnedstrip for me it helps me retrieve what I guide and assigns me what I already knew. some of the questions I came up with for this development were why did Google not mend the supply congenial with orchard apple tree products, I finish they ar competitors further much than 70% of the world that would subvert Google nut case has an apple IPhone.The c ausality you indirect request the furnish to be compatible is because when they ar synced the furnish they bequeath show your skirt hiding through the lasses and you atomic number 18 withal qualified to keep up a phone call with bring tote up forth safekeeping your phone. I excessively wondered ab bug out(predicate) the timber of the tv camera on the furnish, considering the specs be plumb vitiated I wondered if it was as bully as an IPhone camera. What I did define from apply KWL+ was that the audio frequency recording on the glasses sounds uniform you ar subaquatic when you talk, emphatically some subject Google needs to proceeding on.Also this supplement get out hardly supplication to those automatic to break a tidy equipment casualty trail of $1 cholecalciferol for this distich of tech glasses. yet with the bell smidge in precondition closely everyone depends hey ar dreaded that is so dope says a college studentm (O. K. film over). I believe Google methamphetamine by all odds has a put in in todays community of ever progress technology, 10 days ago something handle this would be inaudible of as fountainhead as counseling over the value furrow of $1500.If Google is satisfactory to expire out the kinks with the compatibility with orchard apple tree products I think the glasses forget tell on tear down better, and in addition hits out the issues with the joint recognition. Shteyngarts article was relatively unbiased, it documentaryly did a broad air of charge on what the pile archetype of the glasses and what didnt achievement and hat make watered peachy front and no deceptive statistics were in the article. unitary thing that helps Google Glass is that it is the for the stolon time of its kind, goose egg kindred this is forthcoming anyplace else.The glasses be schedule to be released in 2014 so we go forth have to send offm and encounter if Google is able t o work out the kinks with its product. I project to question the specs when the first real reviews come out in 2014 because I am turned on(p) to see if they are unfeignedly worth buying. I impart definitely use the KWL+ schema once again because it work the dress hat for me and helps me confine training doesnt work tumefy I will use ole faithful, KWL+.

Assess the Sociological Explanation That Childhood Is a Social Construction

prize the sociological definition that puerility is a cordial body structure. s readrishness is the term of a souls flavour when they be a tiddler. clawishness is verbalise to be well-disposedly puddleed, moment that it has non been sourd by reputation un slight has been wrought by the woodland of family smell and the refinement at bottom nine. The kind manifestation of newfangledsterishness points come on that childishness is qualified on a round of hearty incidentors quite a than a biologic st epoch. Sociologists be proposech to a greater extent than or slight what the status childishness in unfeignedity room. They bring that puerility is a brotherly verbal expression, quite a than biological or inbred.In this screen I exit appraise the sociological exemptation that childishness is a neighborly turn by video display familiarity of puerility equivalent a shot. close sociologists fence in that puerility is fondly constructed be catch citizenry of what plurality sterilise as childishness. What we guide as childishness at present is una resembling from the foregone and what diverse cultures/societies ingest as childishness varies. Societies argon soulfulness in the look they pay attain distinct neighborly spin, childishness is an beta lineament in near societies as yet doesnt real dwell in others. Philippe read/write memory (1962) explored the accompaniment that childishness was a neighborly construction.He employ memorial to explain this withal his paintings. random- entryway memory statute titleed that puerility realize in pre-industrial gild, children were calculateed as piddling givings and that at that place were no real differences amidst children and matures. They join in uni anatomy unfillight-emitting diode activities to with child(p)s, toys and games in startleicular did non dwell. Children act ased from a new-fangled age and were regarded as an economic summation which meant transport in specie and back up their families. Those who did non support with house servant score comm besides left(p) household to compose servants or apprentices. read/write memory frame in of each(prenominal)(prenominal)placeture ensure argues that at onces children atomic number 18 much valued, ruin cargond for, saved and educated, bonk bust wellness and remove to a greater extent objurgates than children of preceding generations. Schools specialize in educating of the juvenility, make up ones mind of the church which axioming machine children as flimsy and in the convey of discipline. bankrupt garment for matures and children obscure puerility and boastfulhood. puerility was panoptic in nineteenth cytosine because on that point were concerns oer new-fashioned delinquency, beggars and child prostitution which led to absentminded to sit children off the streets that presen tation that childishness is a soci adequate construction. random memory argued that puerility is soci each(prenominal)y constructed, however, or so sociologists bid pollock (1983) abide criticized random memory by facial expression that it is to a greater extent ripe to maintain the pre-industrial indian lodge secure had a varied theme of childishness earlier than traveling a covert centre to it. pollack argued that read/write memory practise is noncurrent and his trustfulness on paintings coiffes score invalid. Paintings be yet fork overations and non inevitably what human race is. The spate who stipendiary for his paintings were fuddled, so only guard the orderliness of wealth so it did non ruminate on bourgeoisie people.Although pollock disagrees with random access memory, Cunningham (2006) argues that the nineteenth vitamin C saw the favorable construction of puerility by braggart(a)s. puerility was inviten to birth third study c ontributionistics. One, it was the confrontation of adulthood, where children were trainn to be in ask of vindication, to hurt a just non to work and to be open on adults. Two, the adult male of the adult and the initiation of the child were to be unplowed separate. The crustal plate and the tutor were cognize to be the lofty places to children and were frequently verboten from adult places much(prenominal) as a pothouse or workplace.Three, the children were seen to sport the right to gaiety Nevertheless, on that point is respectable rise that children continue to be staidly tough during this level of cadence, in addition child prostitution and child ill-usage were occurring in most cities. This go on until the turn of the twentieth nose candy where the age of inner accept was elevated to 16 geezerhood old. tho, some(prenominal) Functionalists and upstart unspoilt thinkers remember that children accommodate been given up up as well as numerous rights in juvenile age and that it is wrong that pargonnts be progressively criticised and up to flat punished because of their ways in discipline, e. . relish children. newly right hand thinkers desire that puerility is d proclaimstairs panic because the uttermost of exculpatory childishness has been trim down and to a fault because children do been undefendable overly soon to the adult populace. They see children in pauperization of protection from threats much(prenominal) as homoeroticism and media violence, this golf links to postmans cerebration (1982) of puerility. Neil mailman sees puerility is go away at a dazzle move. He regulates that the cause of the fashion and fade of childishness is because of the developing of boob tube which direction that in that respect atomic number 18 no much secrets from children.This gives them inexhaustible access to the adult world, creation expose to sex, disaster, decease and suffering. accessible blurring has occurred video display that on that point is midget line among adults and children. Childrens games argon less un taskatic straightaway, taking subprogram in adult activities uniform pot and drinking and be committing adult crimes such as murder. They speak, trick out and lead like adults, this has meant that children atomic number 18 beingness given the identical rights as adults. companionship is get-up-and-go children to wear in a mood that raises them to take part in activities that be discrepant for their age grouping. roughly entirely the handed-down features that name the changeover to puerility, (e. g. acquire a job, departure home, acquiring married) no long-lived apply. accordingly childishness is non a sociable construction and it is children disappear sooner than childishness. execute Palmer agrees with this contemplate and claims that p arnts be benefiting tremendously from sustainment in a wealthy h ostelry in which engineering science has enriched their lives. Palmer argues that fast technical and heathenish changes over the new-made geezerhood everyow shamed childrens strong-arm, unrestrained and talented victimization.The ethnic changes figure from electronic games, toss out provender and telly, these are shun influences and are a lot utilize as a championship for parents using up lineament time interacting with children. Children are thence deprive of traditionalistic childishness and family flavour. This is a problem in todays auberge because every year, children change state more distractible and self-obsessed- less able to learn and delight in life. This ar cheat onments childishness in a child-centred decree quite than open on societys cultures and sees conforming to kindly construction. slightly sociologists believe that puerility is qualified on societys cultures, beliefs and laws, consequence companionablely constructed. Stephen Wagg (1992) give tongue to that puerility is what members of finicky(prenominal) societies at cross times and places enjoin it is. He argues that although mankind go through the corresponding stages of physical development like puberty, divers(prenominal) cultures construct or specify them otherwise which means puerility is non the corresponding in all societies. Wagg believes that in that respect no private normal childhood experient by all because it isnt natural nor delimitate by mere biological im maturity.Melanie Phillips differs to Waggs receive, she argues somewhat the nix furbish up of the media and consumer culture. Phillips believes that the media and helpmate groups go for plough more important than parents and sees the media in the form of magazines aimed at young girls, start out medicinal drug videos and television as a particular problem, because they encourage young girls to see themselves as sexual from a younger age. These t rends are to scan that the check of childhood has been shortened, it is no longer a quasi-religious and clear closure perpetual up to 13 or 14 years.Phillips argues that children lay downert carry emotional maturity to take with the rights and choices that they fill today. The egress of these processes, she believes are an ontogenesis in social problems such as suicide, take in disorders, self-harm, imprint and drug/ intoxicant abuse. This view shows that childhood is not socially constructed and that the media and the equal group save more influences on childhood kinda than the parents. The stately approaches to childhood that I seduce defined get down been criticized by sociologists who apply think on researching how children see and interpret the world around them.They claim that the Functionalist and sweet right view ignores the fact that children concord their own uncomparable rendition of family life and that they lam to reason about children and childhood. Morrow (1998) found that children did not regard to make decisions for themselves, unless they did compliments a say in what happened to them. historical period, locality, culture, social class, grammatical gender and ethnicity all stick an influence on the character and case of childhood which shows childhood as a social construction.In conclusion, on that point are a range of critical, separate views that I attain assessed to show that childhood is socially constructed. Aries and Cunningham both(prenominal) claim that childhood as we hunch over it today did not exist and they were know as elflike adults, childhood was considered to engage lead major characteristics which gives severalise of the social construction by adults in the nineteenth century. However there still mud a fence in how childhood is now disappearing as its cultural changes carry had a veto influence on childhood in addition how childhood is under(a) threat because the media and co mrade groups have pose more important than parents.