American Reaction to the French Revolution

The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille on July 14th. From 1790 to 1794, the revolutionaries grew  increasingly radical. Americans were at first enthusiastic in support of the revolution. However, over time divisions of opinion became apparent between federalists and anti-federalists. Divide Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists The anti-federalists in America  led by figures such as Thomas Jefferson were in favor of supporting the revolutionaries in France. They thought the French were imitating the American colonists in their desire for freedom. There was a hope that the French  would win a greater degree of autonomy that resulted in the new Constitution and its strong federal government in the United States. Many anti-federalists rejoiced in every revolutionary victory as news of it reached America. Fashions changed to reflect republican dress in France. The Federalists were not sympathetic to the French Revolution, led by figures such as Alexander Hamilton.  The Hamiltonians  feared mob rule. They were  afraid of egalitarian ideas causing further upheaval at home. European Reaction In Europe, rulers were not necessarily that bothered by what was happening in France at first. However, as the gospel of democracy spread, Austria grew afraid. By 1792, France had declared war on Austria wanting to ensure that it would not try to invade. In addition, revolutionaries wanted to spread their own beliefs to other European countries. As France began to win victories beginning with the Battle of Valmy in September, England and Spain got concerned. Then on January 21, 1793, King Louis XVI was executed. France became emboldened and declared war on England. Thus American could no longer sit back but if they wanted to continue to trade with England and/or France. It had to claim sides or remain neutral. President George Washington chose the course of neutrality, but this would be a difficult tightrope for America to walk. Citizen  Genà ªt In 1792, the French appointed  Edmond-Charles Genà ªt, also known as Citizen  Genà ªt, as the Minister to the United States. There was some question on whether he should be formally received by the US  government. Jefferson felt that  America should support the Revolution which would mean publicly acknowledging  Genà ªt as the legitimate minister to France. Hamilton was against receiving him. Despite Washingtons ties to Hamilton and the Federalists, he decided to receive him. Washington eventually ordered that  Genà ªt be censured and later recalled by France when it was discovered that he had been commissioning privateers to fight for France in its war against Great Britain. Washington had to deal with their previously agreed upon Treaty of Alliance with France that had been signed during the American Revolution. Because of its own claims for neutrality, America could not close its ports to France without appearing to side with Britain. Therefore, even though France was taking advantage of the situation by using American ports to help fight its war against Britain, America was in a difficult place. The Supreme Court eventually helped provide a partial solution by preventing the French from arming privateers in American ports. After this proclamation, it was found that Citizen  Genà ªt had a French-sponsored warship armed and sail from Philadelphia. Washington demanded that he be recalled to France. However, this and other issues with the French fighting the British under the American flag led to increased issues and confrontations with the British. Washington sent John Jay to find a diplomatic solution to the issues with Great Britain. However, the resulting Jays Treaty was quite weak and widely derided. It required the British to abandon forts they still occupied on Americas western frontier. It also created a trading agreement between the two nations. However, it had to give up the idea of freedom of the seas. It also did nothing to stop impressment where the British could force American citizens on captured sailing vessels into service on their own ships. Aftermath In the end, the French Revolution brought the issues of neutrality and how America would deal with belligerent European countries. It also brought unresolved issues with Great Britain to the forefront. Finally, it showed a great divide in the way that federalists and anti-federalists felt about France and Great Britain.

Revised Curriculum for Project ALERT Essay examples

Adolescent drug use in America is a cause for concern. Drug use among adolescents contributes to deaths, traffic accidents, poor judgment, unsafe sexual behavior and other risky behaviors. According to the authors (2003), â€Å"drug prevention programs in schools are a critical element of the antidrug effort, yet only 9% of school districts are using programs whose effectiveness has been demonstrated through rigorous research (p.1830).† The US department of Education set one of the guidelines of its Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act program the implementation of only evidence-based prevention activities. They also labeled 7 drug prevention programs as exemplary, 5 of the programs included a school-based curriculum for middle†¦show more content†¦A video about former teenage smokers talking about their reasons why and how they quit smoking was included in the lesson. The alcohol use lesson included games, small group activities, and question-and-answer tec hniques specifically designed to help adolescents understand their own perceived susceptibility to the negative consequences associated with alcohol misuse and develop other choices to drinking. Parent and student activities included adolescent interviews with parents about their experiences with peer pressure, parent/child drug IQ test that measured knowledge about drugs and social influences to use them, and verbal reports about the consequences associated with drug use. Middle school students were given two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was administered in the 7th grade right before the 7th grade lessons were given (baseline measurement), and the second questionnaire was administered at the end of the 8th grade year after 8th grade lessons were given. To motivate student participation and to speak the truth, data collectors reassured students that their information would be kept anonymous and confidential. Alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes questionnaires asked about frequent use within the past month, past year, and lifetime use. The questionnaire allowed the authors to evaluate the program effects on â€Å"ever,† â€Å"past month,† and â€Å"weekly† use. The authors used the prediction modelsShow MoreRelatedTDA 3.2 schools and organisation Essay examples3547 Words   |  15 Pagesin each country within the UK and is best on the concept of learning through play rather than more formal education Play has been show to be an important part for children learning. In Scotland the curriculum is focused around the document curriculum for excellent. 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Leadership & Management Are Two Different Ways †Free Samples

Question: What Is The Two Different Ways Leadership Management? Answer: Introduction Leadership and management are two different ways of organising people in an organisation so that they can be effectively used to succeed in business relationships. Many scholars consider management to be a function which looks into the implementation of the processes and systems which have already been established and help the organisation to perform well. Leadership, on the other hand, is a function that is designed to take the organisation towards the future making use of the opportunities that arise in different situations and circumstances (Lunenburg, 2011). Leadership and the Role of Leaders in an Organisation Leadership is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon which can be considered behaviour, skill, responsibility, and a function of the management, ability, style, process, experience, an influencing relationship, a position of authority, and much more. However, two very vital characteristics of leadership are developing a vision for a purpose and the process of inspiring and influencing a group of people to develop a pathway which can help to achieve the vision (Chemers, 2014). The leaders in any organisation serve the role of a visionary and a person who is treated by the others as a role model. For effective leadership, a leader in any organisation must possess the technical expertise, human skills, and good conceptual skills which can help them to figure out the complexities of the business and the organisation. Leaders and leadership in an organisation focus more on inspiration and motivation. The job of a leader is to create a passion among the employees to follow the directives to achieving the vision, challenge the present status quo, and develop a willingness to take the necessary risks in trying to accomplish the vision (Rothaermel, 2015). Leadership in an organisation is more focused on achieving the long term goals as the decisions taken by leaders will have an impact on the business objectives, aims, and relationships that are developed by the organisation in the future. It is the task of the leaders to define the vision of the organisation and direct the employees to set the goals towards achieving that vision statement. Leadership is always looking to develop strategies that can inspire others to work zealously towards a common aim (Popovici, 2012). Management and the Role of Managers in an Organisation Management is a function which is based on achieving the short-term goals and dealing with the aspects of daily activities and functions. The primary function of management in the organisation is to exercise control over the work environment to ensure that the organisation as a whole is moving in the direction of achieving the organisations vision. The management of an organisation comprises the functions of effective planning, efficient organising, leading, and managing the processes and procedures of the organisation and getting the desired results from the system and people. Management can be deemed to be more of an analysis which involves breaking down of the processes and procedures into workable tasks (Algahtani, 2014). The managers in an organisation carry out their assigned job role according to the guidelines laid down by the organisational framework. They derive their power to direct the subordinates from the position of authority that they hold. The main task of a manager is to ensure that the operations of an organisation are running smoothly and everyone in the company is contributing as per the job role assigned to them and working towards increasing the productivity of the organisation. A manager is more concerned with accomplishing the goals of the company by making the best use of the resources, processes, systems, procedures, and structure of the organisation. Manager acts more like a problem solver in the organisational tasks related to decision making, people management, time management, and other such functions (Lopez, 2014). Importance of Leaders and Managers in an Organisation Both leadership and management are complementary functions which are important in an organisational hierarchy in the business world. The managers and leaders in an organisation prepare for different situations and handle the problems in different manners. The managers deal with the complexities in work processes by setting the goals and targets, strategising the steps to accomplish the targets, and then allocating the resources for each step in the process. While leaders start the process of change by deciding the vision for the organisation and the mission that will give a direction to the strategies needed to achieve the vision (Ali, 2013). The managers work at developing the companys capacity by setting up the workflow processes, establishing the organisational structure, and assigning the corresponding responsibilities and roles to the employees for achieving the targets. The leaders, on the other hand, work at selecting the right people for the correct jobs, developing the skills and competencies of the employees, communicating the overall vision of the organisation to the employees, and aligning the personal goals of the employees with the organisational goals (Chemers, 2014). The managers have to monitor the actual results, identify the deviations, and take timely corrective action to keep the workflow smoothly running in the direction of achieving the assigned targets. The leaders work by inspiring and motivating people by touching upon the human values, needs, and emotions to keep the employees moving in a certain direction in spite of the various obstacles (Rothaermel, 2015). Conclusion It can be said that if an organisation has to be successful it needs a balance between the leadership and management practice. To ensure that the vision of a leader turns into a reality, the tasks and achievements of the managers in an organisation are very important. The objectives and goals achieved by a successful manager are the stepping stones to achieving the vision of the leaders within the stipulated period of time. An excellent leader without the management skills and a good manager without the requisite leadership skills will not be achieve satisfactory results in an organisation (Fitzsimons, 2017) References: Algahtani, A. (2014). Are leadership and management different? A review.Journal of management policies and practices,Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 71-82. Retrieved from: https://jmppnet.com/journals/jmpp/Vol_2_No_3_September_2014/4.pdf Ali, A. (2013). How to differentiate between Leadershipand ManagementFunction in Organization: A Review of Scholarly Thoughts. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 38-44. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2196836 Chemers, M. (2014).An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=hAbsAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=leadership+roles+%22theory+and+application+2014ots=XfiTyDoai1sig=jKexMBjtYs2rLO_78Pe8gUF0nI8#v=onepageq=leadership%20roles%20%22theory%20and%20application%202014f=false Fitzsimons, C. (2017, August 07). How leadership complements management. Retrieved from https://leadershipsculptor.com/how-leadership-complements-management/ Lopez, R. (2014). The relationship between leadership and management: Instructional approaches and its connections to organizational growth.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 98-112. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/f0fc566b60bd130e5bb9b6f9bca31942/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=1056382 Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Leadership versus management: A key distinctionat least in theory.International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration,Volume 14, Issue 1, pp. 1-4.retrieved from: https://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/comp3120/local_docs/readings/Lunenburg_LeadershipVersusManagement.pdf Popovici, V. (2012). Similarities and differences between management and leadership.Annals-Economy Series,Volume 2, pp.126-135. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f5b7/23431b15cfcc69bef630298775476e360c9a.pdf Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from: https://dspace.elib.ntt.edu.vn/dspace/bitstream/123456789/7607/1/Frank%20Rothaermel-Strategic%20Management.pdf

Nature vs. Culture in Odyssey Essay Example For Students

Nature vs. Culture in Odyssey Essay The imagination of nature and civilization connects every scene from Book 9 to Book 12 in Odyssey. On the land of Cyclopes. Odysseus’s brush with the one-eyed barbarian giant unveils Odysseus’s inventiveness as a civilised human being ; Nevertheless. Odysseus finally fails to get the better of the defect of human characteristic. as he tells Polyphemus about his existent mortal individuality when he is sailing off. which finally brings Poseidon’s retaliation to Achaeans. At one point human civilisation Teachs Odysseus the accomplishment of utilizing wooden staff and vino to contend with Polyphemus’s strength. but the nature of world power can easy excel human beings’ wisdom. When Circe in Book 11 turns Odysseus’s work forces into hogs. when the blind prophesier Tiresias foretells Odysseus’s destiny. and when Zeus punishes Odysseus with another storm. Odysseus and his work forces are powerless but accept their fate. The struggle between nature and civilization connects humans’ universe with gods’ universe. therefore makes every narrative interesting to follow as barbarian animals possess human features and civilised human existences possess â€Å"limited† world power. For illustration. in book 10. when Circe turns Odysseus’s work forces into hog. Odysseus can merely overmaster Circe by following Hermes’ direction: â€Å"Take this herb. which is one of great virtuousness. and maintain it about you when you go to Circe’s house. it will be a amulet to you against every sort of mischief† ( Book X. 54 ) . When Odysseus â€Å"rushed at her with blade drawn† . Odysseus is in a place where he is even able to get the better of the power of an immortal animal. Both Polyphemus and Circe represent the power of nature. as their universe does non hold any jurisprudence or morality. while odysseus’s journey represents the power of civilization. as the adult male of civilization lickings powerful immortal animals through inventiveness and temperateness.