Mediation †Foundations

The organization NAFAAS is an acronym for the National draw of Fine and Applied Arts Students. It is a body that over find oneselfs the welfare of its members the fine and applied arts students. It presents intricate issues as violation of students right to the department, organize social activities and exhibitions, and put away in educational tours and visits. It is similarly vested with the responsibility of raising and nurturing capable leading to promote the art culture. The body is organized and governed by the following elective officers The President, the Vice-President, Secretary General, Financial Secretary, the Treasurer, Director of Socials, Director of Sports and the Curator.The members are completely punctually matriculated students of the University. They pay an annual registration fee to the body and attend popular meetings when they are summ one(a)d.The conflictA misunderstanding ensured when it was time to utilize both(prenominal) money from the bodys acco unt. The financial secretary has issued astir(predicate) a thousand receipts and handed over five hundred payments to the financial officer. The financial officer recorded the given amount and the receipts. Unknown to the treasurer, the financial secretary went to throw the figures to reflect a collection of a thousand payment and receipt.The professorship was to organize a welcome comp whatsoever for the associations freshers just now to discover that the money reflecting in the account differ greatly from the one recorded. An executive meeting was immediately summoned and the figures were laid based on the records. afterwards much deliberation, the financial secretary and the treasurer were asked to account and pay for the tone ending otherwise they be sanctioned with expulsion.For precisely two weeks, they could non see eye-to-eye. This called for another meeting.Third party.The curator, supported by the two-third majority of the house, moved the query for a meeting an d a meeting day was fixed. The agenda of blood line was to discuss and if possible to collapse the differences between the two executive members. The school term lasted for about two hours with heated debate and arguments. The meeting was adjourned without a rational progress on how best to resolve the conflict. A third party was agreed upon unanimously the Patron of the association. He was very the best to resolve the conflict as the parties involved treasurer, financial secretary respects him so much, anyways he is the first patron of the association.The mediation At a pre-determined run across and time, the mediator the patron and the two parties involved in the conflict met at the Associations secretariat. Then and there, the patron listened patiently as they both differentiate their role in the incident. The mediator, being a trained one notice the starts and stops, the inconsistency of the financial secretary tactfully asked why are the figures in correcting fluid? t he financial secretary by surprise responded no and later I dont know. This question is supposed to possess been directed to the treasurer being that he handles the recorded amount.The subsequent questions, responses and gestures were all geared towards the mediator trying to facilitate source progress. He attempt as much as possible to cool the tensed automatic teller a situation where no progress can be actualized. but issues were raised about the carelessness of the treasurer for keeping important and stiff documents at such trivial places.After much deliberation, a solution was finally reached. This was basically because of the status of and for the patron, otherwise the financial secretary already pre-determine he would negate all proposition that would subsequently lead to the findings at least on a short term. The persuasion of the mediator the patron also did help matters. Emotion was deeply mixed with fact and the resultant raise was felt in the change of atmosphe re. The financial secretary was finally instinctive to co-operate and let the cat out of the bag.He confessed to both the patron and the treasurer that he was deeply sorry for the incident and the conflict. Later on, he was powerfully advised by the patron never to perpetrate such act. The treasurer and the patron forgave him. The sessions lasted for roughly two hours, thirty-five munites and were advised to go about their daily activities without any mistrust. They also agreed never to share with any other person executives inclusive how it was resolved or who actually was at fault.If I were the mediator, I would go through made it a caucus interrogation. First, I would trance background information from reliable sources about their attitudes and behaviors. This first hand explore may or may not contribute towards knowing who actually was at fault or mediating them. After which I would personally beam them. I would facilitate solution progress by making pertinent interrogatio ns, delving deep into relevant issues that allow sum up o the boilers suit purpose mediation.After all efforts made and I do not get to the route of the matter, I may if I have, decide to origin the repay for peaces sake. If I do not have the money, I will at my possible best try to lead them to tell the truth. I will remind them of their original willingness to resolve the strong issue. Then proceed to advice and warn against future occurrence. This I believe will make them want to resolve it all. I will also strongly warn that all discussions towards the process of mediation be treated as top secret for indeed they are.References Dr. Mickey S. (2002). Mediation Foundations. Background information. Retrieved February 22, 2007 from www.essaywriters.net

Ergonomic Tools Assessing Musculoskeletal Injury Health And Social Care Essay

musculoskeletal faded ( MSI ) as define by Part 4, subdivision 4.46 of the business sectoral Health and Safety Regulation of as an terms or perturbation of the musculuss, sinews, ligaments, articulations, nervousnesss, blood vass or related soft tissue including a strain, release and redness, that may be caused or aggravated by pull in.Musculoskeletal hurt ( MSI ) has become, a common type of hurt in the workplace prove in lost in productiveness in many industries. there atomic number 18 a figure of ergonomic tools available for measuring the bet on of musculoskeletal hurt. Of these tools, I have decided to concentrate and discourse ternion ( 3 ) , they argon Rapid full extreme organize judgment ( REBA ) was developed by Sue Hignett and Lynn McAtamney as a postural abbreviation dodging sensitive to musculoskeletal games in a assortment of undertakings. It divides the organic structure into sections to be coded separately with mention to motion planes. It provides a fall guy outline for musculus activity caused by inactive, rapid changing, dynamic or unstable positions.REBA plants by detecting places of single organic structure sections. The more divergences from the impersonal position, the prouder the mark of distributively organic structure portion. in that location be two ( 2 ) groups that are combined, group A includes bole, uterine uterine cervix and legs and group B upper and lower weaponries and legs. The 144 position combinations are transformed to a general postural mark. Additionally, issue handed, matching with the local anaesthetic handled and physical activity are spy and scored. These tonss are entire up to insure one mark for each observation and so compared to tabular arraies saying speculate on volt degrees ( negligible really high ) and legal deeds needed ( none necessary now ) .Quick Exposure drive out ( QEC ) is scored by delegating values to a figure of Observer and role player factors. For each of t etrad organic structure parts ( back, shoulder, carpus and cervix ) , several braces of variables are fed into a search tabular array to bring forth a series of sub- haemorrhoid that are so totaled to bring forth a mark for that organic structure portion. You potty footmark both manual handling and non-manual handling undertakings which do non affect back motion.QEC follows five ( 5 ) stairss broadsheet 1 self Training first trimming substance abusers must read the User top to understand the nomenclature and assessment classs that are used in the check-list.Measure 2 Perceiver s judgement Check-list the individual detecting a rummy undertaking uses the perceiver s assessment check-list to carry on a hazard estimate. One complete work rhythm is observed before doing an estimation. If a undertaking put forward non easy be confounded downwards into undertakings, the worst event within that occupation when a peculiar organic structure portion in inquiry is most to a gre at extent loaded should be observed. The appraisal can be carried out by direct observation or by utilizing scene footage.Measure 3 Worker s Assessment Check-list the thespian be observed must finish the workers assessment check-list.Measure 4 enumeration of Exposure Scores utilizing the table of picture tonss to cipher the exposure scores for each undertaking.Circle all the letters matching to the replies from the observer s appraisal and the worker s appraisal .Mark the Numberss at the traversing maculation of every brace of circled letters.Calculate a entire mark for each organic structure portion.Measure 5 Consideration of Actions QEC rapidly identifies the exposure degrees for the dorsum, shoulder, arm, carpus, manus and cervix and it evaluates an ergonomic intercessions can efficaciously slim down these exposure.2.3 Ovako Working Posture abstract clay OWASOvako Working Posture summary System ( OWAS ) is a method of coding the position of a worker that allo ws the injuriousness of the position to be categorized into four ( 4 ) action classs of increasing sine qua non. It is based upon adept opinions of the injuriousness of peculiar positions. A clip based trying attack can be used with it so that the classification can take history of the length of clip spend in any peculiar position ( Karhu et al. , 1977, 1981, Kivi and Mattila, 1991, Vedder, 1998 ) .Puting the codifications for the four ( 4 ) sections in the sequence of back, legs, tonss and weaponries form the overall position codification. A evaluation system categorizes seventy two ( 72 ) different positions in footings of uncomfortableness caused, and the adjudicate on wellness. Back positions are defined as either concomitant set, directly and distorted, or set and distorted. OWAS identifies the most common work positions for the dorsum, which includes four positions weaponries three positions, legs seven positions and the weight of the burden handled three classs.The four ( 4 ) action classs listed below shows the wellness jeopardies of each work position or position combination in the OWAS method on the musculoskeletal system Work positions are considered normally with no peculiar harmful core on the musculoskeletal system. No actions are needed to alter work positions.Work positions have some harmful grab on the musculoskeletal system. Light emphasis, no immediate action is necessary, but alterations should be considered in future planning.Work positions have a clearly harmful consequence on the musculoskeletal system. The working methods involved should be changed every bit shortly as possible.Positions during work have a high harmful consequence on the musculoskeletal system. Solutions should be found instantly to cut down these positions.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of ToolsToolAdvantageDisadvantageQECProvides wellness and safety practicians with a user friendly assessment tool with good cogency.Helps carry organisations to do ergonomic alterations.Involves both the practician and the worker in the appraisal, thereby provide a Fuller apprehension of working patterns.It is straightforward, speedy and easy to utilize.Is harmonious with HSE hazard appraisal.Conjectural exposure scores with the suggested action degrees demand validating. supernumerary preparation and pattern may be needed for novitiate users to breach appraisal dependability.Method focuses on physical workplace factors merely.REBALow price and an effectual method.User friendly.If valid or accurate can return valuable penetration into working conditions.Validity and dependability may be low in relation to specific demands for ergonomic appraisal.Can be biased. succession consuming ( both right and left manus hold to be assessed individually ) .OWASEnables comparings with old research in similar scenes. effortless to utilize and use with high dependability in field probes.It is fit to measure dynamic, risky working positions of workers while trave ling about their workstations.Time consuming.Does non divide right and left upper appendages.Requires thorough preparation.Appraisals of cervix, cubituss and carpuss are losing.Does non knock against repeat or continuance of the consecutive position.2.5 Critical Analysis of ToolsREBA, QEC and OWAS are all check-list type tools. The lone tools needed to execute this type of appraisal are a pencil and paper. All three ( 3 ) REBA, QEC and OWAS at any rate exist as computing machine plans, so you can input signal informations collected directly into the package to cipher the overall mark.REBA can measure position, burden, force and motion frequence whereas, QEC assesses position, burden, force, motion frequence, continuance, recovery, quiver, etc. and OWAS merely assesses position, burden and force.REBA, QEC and OWAS use ordinal marking systems and so unite the tonss for different hazard factors. REBA and OWAS were design to bring forth an appraisal of the urgency of remedial action for the undertaking being assessed utilizing action classs. QEC has an get mathematical theoretical identify implicit in its construction with fluctuations in burdening between factors.REBA and OWAS are performed by one individual who understands how the assessment tool is used, whereas QEC is carried out both by the affected employee and the individual making the appraisal.When executing anyone of these three ( 3 ) tools, the user must understand to the full the map and nomenclature used, or the appraisal will non be accurate.OWAS has a broad place setting of utilizations but the consequences can be low in item. REBA was developed specifically with sensitiveness to aleatory on the job positions.REBA does non cover in item with lower limb place. REBA distinguishes between greater or less than 20 grades of flexure of the drumhead and cervix but non farther. Both REBA and QEC create overall tonss from a salmagundi of hazard factors specific to the upper limb and to the lower do rsum.These three ( 3 ) techniques ( REBA, QEC and OWAS ) are easy and speedy to utilize, comprehensive and dependable to measure exposures and can be flexible adequate to be applied to a scope of occupations.Observational or subjective opinion techniques such as REBA, QEC and OWAS are non more dependable than direct measuring techniques.DecisionThere are a figure of tools used in the appraisal of musculoskeletal hurt in the workplace. It is of import to measure these state of affairss in order to look to hurt to workers.The three tools discussed before are a good good example of common check-list type tools that can measure the hazard of musculoskeletal hurts in the workplace in a quantitative manner. It is of import when taking an ergonomic tool, that it is right for the occupation. There is no, ruff tool for any one occupation but, one must make up ones mind on the best attack to what needs to be done.Rapid intact Body Assessment ( REBA ) , Quick Exposure Check ( QEC ) and Ova ko Working Posture Analysis System ( OWAS ) use ordinal marking systems and so unite the tonss for different hazard factors. Rapid Entire Body Assessment ( REBA ) and Ovako Working Posture Analysis System ( OWAS ) uses action classs based on four ( 4 ) and five ( 5 ) point ordinal graduated tables to give an appraisal of the urgency of remedial action for the undertaking. While the Quick Exposure Check ( QEC ) has an exact mathematical theoretical account implicit in its construction with fluctuations in burdening between factors.Even though Quick Exposure Check ( QEC ) has non provided been validated it has been wildly and often used along with Rapid Entire Body Assessment ( REBA ) and Ovako Working Posture Analysis System ( OWAS ) .

The Patriot Act

After the get together States was attacked in the infamous 9/11 episode, the United States en chiped the United States of 2001 on October 24, 2001 (Mil Net, 2001). The equity was passed with push through any objections to the passage of the integrity, and was signed by President bush-league on October 26 of the same year (Encarta, 2008). The nationalist mold is considered as the centerpiece legislation of the United States response to the folk 11, 2001 tragedy (John Gamboa, 2008).The police force by its defintion is a ray of light that aims to strengthen the instruments of the law enforcement arms of the state, especially its police and prosecutin arms, with the goal of preventing attacks of this kind in the future (Encarta, 2008). The bring itself lays pop out specific rules on surveillance, intelligence gathering and sharing among law enforcement units, cash laundering, security at entrance and exit points of the country and criminal law among others (Gamboa, 2008).In co njuction with the applicability of other statutes, has in fact given much stem to the civil licenses and rights of people (Paul Rosenweig, Alane Kochems & James Jay Carafano, 2004). To prevent abuse, the displace has been one of the close extensive reporting procedures attached on any law (Rosenweig, Kochems & Carafano, 2004). just the question lies not in the benefits, but whether the law should be encated as is, with am determinationments or totally scrapped. Many critics of the get along fork over demonized the legislation as an instrument of abuse and a threat to individual rights (Paul Rosenweig, 2004).In the lifetime of the Act, many an(prenominal) of the edible in the law have either been amended, changed and re-worded to effect changes in the law to make it adapt to broader changes to attain less then de edgeate and specific goals (Gamboa, 2008). But after all the smoke of critcism has cle atomic number 18d, one matter is still evident, the Act is still a very im portant tool in the fight against terrorism (Rosenweig, 2004). In the past, law enforcement groups were limited in the amount and quality of information that they could pass on to each other. The Act virtually did away with that limitation (Rosenweig, 2004).In this light, a majority of Americans, about 60 percent, atomic number 18 in favor of re-enacting that Act, but oppose any excess powers given to entities like the Federal Bureau of Investigation, like access to electronic mail, issuing subpoenas (Gary Langer, 2005) and to limit the access or rights of immigrants on U. S flaw (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2005). Congress, basing on the utility of the Act, essential enact the Act, subject to consummate(a) study and discussion. Under the current ambit of the law, it is the people of the United States that are more apprehensive of the law than the intended terrorist targets (Gamboa, 2008).Many of the oppositors of the Act even strike that the law was just a cover for some law enforcement agencies to hold the new expanded powers in the Act (Encarta, 2008). But again, the law and its effect would be more beneficial than the percieved threats to the citizenry (Rosenweig, Kochems & Carafano, 2004). And that is where the powers and wisdom of the members of Congress must step in to review and take action against the threats that the Act has seemed to bring up up (Rosenweig, Kochems & Carafano, 2004). References Gamboa, J. B. (2008, September 11). The patriot Act.The Daily Aztec -9/11 where are we nowadays http//media. www. thedailyaztec. com/media/storage/ paper741/news/2008/09/11/911WhereAreWeNow/The- patriot. Act-3425472. shtml Langer, G. (2005). Poll punt seen for patriot Act. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http//abcnews. go. com/US/PollVault/story? id=833703 Mil Net. (2001). U. S. nationalist Act of 2001. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http//www. milnet. com/pat-act-HR3162. htm MSN Encarta. (2008). Patriot Act. Retrieved September 25, 20 08, from http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_701712693_3/Patriot_Act.html New York Civil Liberties Union. (2005). Oppose expansion of USA Patriot Act. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http//ga1. org/nyclu/alert-description. html? alert_id=1303074 Rosenweig, P. (2004). United States. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http//italianlibertarians. tripod. com/id12. html Rosenweig, P. , Kochems, A. & James Jay Carafano, J. J. ( 2004). The Parito Act reader understanding the laws role in the global war on terrorism. Retriieved September 25, 2008, from http//www. heritage. org/Research/HomelandDefense/upload/69895_1. pdfThe Patriot ActThe United States 9/11 attack has marked a significant event in the history. The attack against USA was a proof that even strong and imperialistic countries are never safe at any time. It has severely shamed the US reputation and challenged them further economically, politically and socially. This system reluctance has make citizens and governing body more vigilant of their safety, and consequently it led US into formally launching laws and policies that aimed to strengthen their defenses against terrorist activities.Immediately following the 9/11 attack, the US presidential term was fast into amending the US Patriotic Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism). This act contains 157 sections, which includes legal responses to attend to terrorist victims, treasure civilians from fake solicitations, and provide benefits for public safety (Perez, 2003).The act gave more ability to the law enforcement bodies to investigate on cases suspected to involve local and foreign terrorist activities, more power to target monetary transactions that possibly induced terrorist connections and filter against all electronic communication devices that may be infiltrated by terrorist activities (Gable). According to the US presidency and its supporters, the US Patriot Ac t shall be able to reveres terrorism efforts and effects in several slipway(1) The Patriot Act allows investigators to use the tools that were already available to investigate organised crime and drug trafficking (2) The Patriot Act facilitated information sharing and cooperation among government agencies so that they can better connect the dots. (3) The Patriot Act updated the law to reflect new technologies and new threats and (4) The Patriot Act increased the penalties for those who bear down terrorist crimes (The USA Patriotic Act Preserving Life and indecorum, pp.1-4). However, several years have passed since the attack and since the start of the implementation of the act, numerous claims of its inefficacy have emerged moreover, or else of its benefits being publicized, its negative implications and results are rather more rampant. Shortly devil years since the 9/11 occurrence, and even right at the scrap that we speak, numerous cases of violations of human liberties hav e bee n reported to have disappointed the civilian.More so, it has nourished the feeling of discontent and dissent over concerned citizens as the act continued its rampage against terrorism. What the act has merely done is to limit the privacy of the civilians. The act has legalized all sorts of interferences towards the private messages and way of communication that every(prenominal) individual goes through against their will, and even behind private citizens knowledge and bear (Kranich, 2003).The act, though it has indeed signaled the intensified battle against terrorism, it has also catered the arena that modify the backbone for government intervention against private citizens. Ironically though, the same provisions that are supposedly and potentially to be of important use in order to eliminate terrorist activities, are the same provisions that have contain the liberty of individuals and have further violated human rights in a number of ways.Amidst the oppositions from con cerned groups against the passage and the continuity of the amendment, still the US government pursued its interest to counter terrorism even against the will and support of a large part of the American citizens, as well as other citizens around the world. Now, looking back at the instances starting from the attack, towards the end wherein the US legalized such provisions for the US Patriot Act it is entirely rational to take a look on what it has caused and asses if the result was cost taking the risk once more if the provisions of the act are to be renewed.Personally, if I were to take a vote on whether the act should be renewed, I would rather have it reassessed first and point out the blunders that have caused too much opposition against it. At one point, the act was passed under limited time and too much pressure from the foreign community as it was enacted shortly after the 9/11 attack, it is enough to say that it was passed without fitting deliberations (Van Bergen, 200 2) Moreover, changes are truly ought to be done in order to create a just and equal standpoint in battling against terrorism.One thing that should be changed is the utter disrespect against individual liberty that it encourages. Anything that immediately and deliberately limits and suppresses the freedom and privacy of an individual must be contradictory just because of mere suspicions. If anything must be done that shall violate the rights of the individuals, proper investigation must take recourse and until sufficient information are gathered, no one holds the right to interfere against anyones privacy.Though the US Patriot Act was implemented in its goal to counter terrorist attacks and to further protect the welfare of the American citizens, as well as other citizens in world but, it should not be forgotten that the basic right to freedom of the individuals should not be put at stake. Countrywide safety is really important, however, to totally violate the human rights is also as dangerous as what terrorism can bring, thus justifying the changes, if not the repeal of the US Patriot Act. References Department of Justice. The USA Patriotic Act Preserving Life and Liberty.Retrieved from Life and Liberty database Gable, Garrett. Effects of the USA Patriot Act. Retrieved celestial latitude 2, 2007 from Kranich, Nancy. (2003) The Impact of USA Patriot Act An Update. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from Perez, Paul. 2003. USA Patriot Act helps efforts to combat terrorism. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from St. Petersburg Times Van Bergen, Jennifer. 2002. Repeal the USA Patriot Act. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from www. truthout. org

Edward Elgar †Violin Concerto in B Minor, Op. 61, No.1 Essay

Violin Concerto in B minor, Op.61 is one of the most well-known concerto whole shebang which composited by Edward Elgar. Elgar first composited this masterpiece and dedicated to Fritz Kreisler, a famous violinist and composer of early 20th century. On the 10 November 1910, Kreisler played this violin concerto as the first violin player on the premiere with Elgar conducted the concert. This concerto brought Elgar to another yet last peak of his composition career. Also, this is one of his most popular and good example works. Violin Concerto in B minor, Op.61 is a piece that Elgar had put tons of his own emotions and personal feelings into the melodies.In the article, Charles Sanford Terry and Elgars Violin Concerto which introduced by Alison I. Shiel in Edward Elgar and His World, Shiel mentioned, Scholars have subjected the concerto itself to detailed analysis, much of it in damage of the gender of it various themes, the implication being that the melodies are meant to represent both(prenominal) romantic entanglement of Elgars, past of present. The first movement of the concerto is a attractive sonata with few related themes which change in various ways.You can witness out the tutti and soloist somehow at a point also presenting two different melodic ideas at the same time. The solo part suddenly expresses the love and the words in the Windflower poem. Beautiful violin positions faulting and the soft bowings complete the feelings of romantic relationship. This is no way for people to marvel love like this after listening to this masterpiece from Elgar, which presented his love to the one.

How Leeds Was Like Durning the Victorian Times

Life in Leeds was ghastly m any(prenominal) sources tell me this from pictures, to rhymes, reports and drawings Leeds was a well polluted and unhygienic place, Leeds also did non fork over any proper sewage system causing diseases to spread killing ingenuous civilians. First pictures of Leeds Steel works which was taken in 1864 show me that factories created pernicious gases that normal everyday public inhaled. My first source also shows that from a distant view the air itself was murky and unclear. Source 1As I mentioned before at that place are many sketches by anon. artists who express their art from what they can see around their environment. This gives me more establish that Leeds was very dirty and polluted. Source 2 Rhymes and songs were created by the the great unwashed (most credibly the children) who inhabited Leeds at the time one of the most famous rhymes were The Aire below is doubly dyed and damned The air above with lurid locoweed is crammed The one flows flo w rateing foul as Charons Styx, Its poisonous vaporisation in the other mix.What it is really translating is the water below (the river AIre) is sorry in an unnatural state and it is supposedly damned, the air above is crammed with hepatotoxic smoke, its poisonous vapours reaching us. Therefore it was commonly known that the Leeds was colly and alter with pollution. In 1842 Edwin Chadwick, a politician who was trying to make improvements and reforms to the conditions of townships and cities conducted an investigating into Sanitary conditions of the labouring population.Edwin apply topical anesthetic investigators to provide evidence of urban public health conditions. A doctor, Robert Baker, provided information about the hygiene and how it was change Leeds. Of the 586 streets of Leeds, 68 only are paved by the town, ie, by the local authorities the remainder are either paved by the owners or are partially paved, or are totally unpaved, with the surfaces broken in every di rection, and ashes and filth of every description accumulated upon many of them of the 68 streets 9 are not sewered at all, and ten only partly so nay it is only within the three or quadruple years past that a sewer has been completed . This statement tells me that there were 586 streets in Leeds and only 68 were filled with pavements. Filth and Ash filled every direction in those 68 pampered streets 19 of them did not have a sewage system at all Only 10 streets had them however the sewage system has only been completed 3 or 4 years ago. This source is reliable because as a local doctor Robert Baker had experienced the severe horrific cholera irruption of 1832.By 1838 as a town councillor, had contributed to a statistical survey of the town and went on to become a factory inspector by 1858. cholera and other diseases broke out because of the poor sewer system when civilians had to economize themselves half of their waste was absorbed by the ground and was then entered the stream which people drank from While the other half just flowed through the streets postponement to infect civilians with putrid bacteria and filth .Public people also used to wash and bath in the river AIre causing its natural water discolor to die out and for it to be swarmed with dirt and bacteria. For my conclusion I fluid stand by my decision that Leeds during the Victorian times was a filthy, foul place. Its water was not safe to drink and was revolting, although the simple workmen who build hundreds of factories hoping that it would not hurt the ozone lair still poisoned the air that the poor Victorian people breathed and lived in.

One Year MBA Program / Two Year MBA Program Essay

1. Students are requested to go through the instructions care righty.2. The Assignment is a part of the internal assessment.3. mark will be awarded for each Assignment, which will be added to the total marks. Assignments drool equal marks.4. The completed Assignments of different modules should be bundled together before send it to the Institute in the address given above or it rouse be mail to us 2 weeks before the commencement of the trial with the roll number and name of the student.5. Students who have not received the full set of modules may send the Assignments after receiving the complete set of modules of the semester.6. parapraxis study project is given based on the Elective airfield selected.Assignments1. International LawWhat are your perceptions on the Universal Declaration of humanity Rights? Would you like to amend any of the articles or add a freshly article to the declaration?2. Strategic ManagementSelect an appropriate generic strategy to position your printi ng business unit in its private-enterprise(a) environment (map the environment primarily as a pattern of rivalrous pressures from rivals, suppliers, buyers, entrants and substitutes).3. Business English

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay

In Chaucers section of the Canterbury Tales, The Pard sensationrs Tale various literary ele custodyts occur. He displays personification, and makes last a character, giving him life. He includes a moral to his humbug which is greed is the root of totally aversion(Bible) and gives the taradiddle kernel. Chaucers plot is another key fruit part to the write up, because it proved greed can bring evil. Chaucer wrote the Pardoners Tale with the discipline greed is the root of all evil he was able to betoken this by use various literary elementsThe moral, greed is the root of all evil(Bible), is displayed through the greediness of the three characters. When the one-year-oldest leaves, his mind was able to devise an evil excogitation caused by greed.His selfishness caused him to do the following, And deftly poured the poison into two. He unploughed the third one clean, as well he might, For his own drink, meaning to work all night(Chaucer 217-218). The youngest was tempted by g reed to commit an evil action. Chaucer cute the reader to realize money and greed are problems with society. They cause wad to commit evil acts. Killing someone for money shows Chaucer wanted one to read this tale and recognize the problems of greed.The Characters are essential to this tale also. Chaucer displays final stage as a character giving him human traits and personifying him. This personification of death adds a sense of doom and gives a slight fear. Death adds these qualities because decease is like a journey to the unknown, and it naturally scares people to think slightly it. When Chaucer writes, There came a privy thief, they call him Death, Who kills us all elaborate here(Chaucer 15-16) he attempts to add a sense of fear and terror by saying there is a person who goes around and kills everyone. It is far scarier therefore using death as a thing that happens instead of using death as a person. Chaucers personification of death improved the falsehood by creating su spense, and terror.The plot of the story is the most important, and uses irony to gives pleasure. The three men went looking for death, and find it to be a bus of gold. The irony of this was that the characters cease up getting killed themselves and on their search for death they met their own death, which was the heap of gold. This ironic occurrence is almost comedic when all three men plan to kill one another and all three men advance in doingthis. Chaucer writes Thus these two murderers received their due, so did the treacherous young poisoner too.(Chaucer 237-238). The irony here also criticizes greed in humans. It makes fun of the concomitant that greed really is the root of all evil. Chaucer created this irony for both entertainment and to make a point about greed.In conclusion Chaucer wrote his story with the theme greed is the root of all evil (Bible) and used the literary elements of plot, moral, and characters to achieve this. Chaucer struck fear and added suspense wh en he personified death. Without personifying death Chaucers story would have been less exciting. Chaucer was ironic with his plot and those who were looking for death open up it. This comedic addition also criticized humans and their tendency to be greedy. Chaucer was successful in creating a story which explained how greed is the root of all evil(Bible).Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2000).New volition in Pauls first epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy 610).

Biography Informative Speech

As we all know, grandmas argon known for making delicious food. I sight a coarse time ago that have a big problem falling out eggs so I was very excited when I disc incessantlyywhereed the gaggles recipe for Cocoa Kiss Cookies. I was given the recipe for these attainys by my mom, Rena Williams. My mom got the recipe from her mother Lucy Long, who got the recipe from the chocolate factory in Hershey, PA. II. If you ever are In a situation where you need to travel your grandma then, cook her a chocolate cookie with a candy kiss In the cracker. Ill.Cookies are easier to make than you think so Im going to try out you the three steps in making cocoa kiss cookies the ingredients, the immix process, and baking. V. First Ingredients needed A. The nettled compartmentalisation 1. You will need 1 transfuseful melted butter. 2. 2/2 cup sugar feature with melted butter. 3. 1 teaspoon vanilla extract to form awry(p) mixture. B. The dry mixture 1. You will need 1 and % cups all po int flour. 2. To finalize dry mixture you need 1/4 cup cocoa. C. Re-last the Ingredients 1. 1 cup melted butter 2. 2/2 cup sugar 3. 1 TTS. Vanilla extract 4. /2 cup general-purpose flour 5. H cup cocoa 6. Hershey Kisses to put In centerfield later V. Secondly Mixing ingredients 1 . First the contents of the strong mixture (the butter, sugar and vanilla) are assorted within a big bowl until all the ingredients are well blended. 2. A good poll from my grandma, Lucy, is to never pour the vanilla over the mixing bowl in case the vanilla spills. This way if a spill occurs, the bread Is non ruined. B. The dry mixture 1 . The Ingredients of the dry mixture (flour and cocoa) are mixed together In a smaller bowl until evenly distributed.Mixing the flour and cocoa evenly will only take a few stirs with a spoon. 2. After mixing the dry ingredients together, pour them into the prankish mixture and start stirring. C. The dough 1 . A hint from Hershey. Com says, Do not over-mix the dough because it may cause the cookies to spread too much. 2. To help give way your mixing, the dough should be place in the refrigerator to chill for an hour, or until firm enough to handle. VI. Baking A. Forming the dough 1. To form the dough into balls, fasten on out a spoonful of dough and place in the thread f your hand. . Take one Hershey kiss and place in the center of the dough ball. 3. Use both hands to form the dough or so the Hershey kiss. B. Baking the dough 1. Heat the oven to 375 degrees. 2. Place the dough balls onto an engrossed cookie sheet. 3. Bake 10-12 minutes or until they are set. 4. Cool the cookies completely aft(prenominal) baking before removing them from cookie sheet. VI. Conclusion So, to summarize lets go over the three parts A. First, we have the butter, sugar, and vanilla which make up the wet mixture. The lour and cocoa make up the dry mixture.B. Second, we blend the wet and dry mixtures together until we have playgroup like dough. C. Lastly, after ro lling the dough and Hershey Kisses together, they are baked in the oven for about 10 minutes. So if you ever are in a situation where you need to impress your grandma, cook her a chocolate cookie with a kiss in the center. flora Cited Baking Hints. Heresys website. Hershey, PA. 2014. Http//www. Heartsickness. Com Long, Lucy. Personal Interview. Septet. 2014. Williams, Rena. Personal Interview. Septet. 2014.

Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide

ethyl group Acetate NaOH response kinetics Experiment Martin Novick Group 14, chemic Engineering Laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 analysis The goal of this project was to desex the pre-exp angiotensin-converting enzymential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reply roll constants, k, of the saponification unconscious process of ethyl radical group ethanoate rayon use sodium hyd esteemd oxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the project were the jacketed beaker batch nuclear reactor and the LabPro conduction probe.The antecedents conductivity end-to-end the reception was collected and platted in a seamarized piece against age to retrieve lever for for distributively one trial. The rank law was anticipate to be = , where and ar the intentnesss of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) set were plotted against the inverse temperatures to ( linearize the Arrhenius equating. The k o economic value and E value from the linearized Arrhenius plot were set to be 15 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E value creation contradict suggests the reception is exothermic. The larger model breaks of the and set were probably baffled by the low identification number of information points collected or the assumed rate law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reception rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Saponification is a chemical process heavily employ in industry, especi every(prenominal)(a)y in soap production.Knowing the set up of temperature on the reaction rate allows better control over the reaction process and find the optimizing point o f production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes reactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum possible profit. 2 The saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction given as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. 2 The rate was assumed to be second order overall, but first order comparative to either reactant,2 with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as4 dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH concentration, Cac is the concentration of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting concentration of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate end-to-end the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. Substituting the expressions for COH and Cac into par 1 returns in dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt Equation 2 is then separated and integrated shown as the following ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result of equation 3 would find ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate solvent was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 measure of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . After the switching of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship between xo x (5) and conductivity of the root was given as2 ? = , ? (6) where is the initial conductivity of NaOH before adding ethyl acetate, s the conductivity afterwards the reaction has reached completion, and is the conductivity at any point of time during the reaction process. Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following ? ln (0. 2 ? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since , and are constants, the be perspectives variable in the left hand brass of Equation 7 being . Each point can be substituted into the left hand side of Equ ation 7 and plotted against time to retrieve a linear plot with the run being the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, and activation energy, , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as k = k o , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by taking the natural log of both sides ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . RT 1 (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship between ln(k) and 4 the y-intercept being ln( ) and the slope being . Hence k o = ey? intercept . = ? (10) (11) Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation trunk, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, variety stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the limiting reactant. 1 NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its naughty conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring stick the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the transmute in conductivity is much visible, and the termination of the reaction can be more soft detect. The each experimental trail was setup as shown in Figures A1 and A2 of auxiliary A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the surface of the reacting solution. One entropy reading was retrieved per second. Before the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at desired temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 equal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was but a office staff of temperature if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would also vary throughout the reaction. The rea ction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For about the first half a sensitive, completely the conductivity of NaOH in the reactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily observed. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point after the major drop of conductivity due to the rise to power of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started after about half a minute after the start of the info collection by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a ordered temperature of the solution, to prevent any local k values being varied from the overall k value. If at that place any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, there would be different local k values throughout the reactor. Data collection was terminated at least half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity, , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects were removed by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 Figure 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln( ) . The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in Figure 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the entropy does not have a good linear fit. The lack of data points may have been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the same temperature broadly seem to have small variations, but overall has the predicted trend of decrease in ln(k) value as ?1 increases. The plot has a prejudicial overall trend with and hence retrieving a negative E val ue. The negative E value suggests the release of energy as the reaction proceeds. flurry B1 in appendix B shows the retrieved values of k, ko and E. The tyrannical ko value was expected according to Equation 8.Since k values are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko mustiness also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The timeworn geological faults of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the original value, suggests the data as general. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in Figure 1, there is a notable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and 1 1 = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the sectionalisation in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each laboratory day. Another possible cause maybe that the limit of solutions may have reacted with the atmosphere introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k values all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 of Appendix B shows the plots of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The plots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. Also the R2 values of the plots were all supra 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear best fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear attribute of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the all-embracing data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving comparable a first order reaction. The first order reaction conduct is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treated as a constant. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. Conclusion and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15 0. 3 and ? 36402 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is concluded to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was concluded to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were supra 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded that all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is needed to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. More trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large bulk solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be figure out by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References 1 Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. Ethyl Acetate NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experim ent Standard Operating Procedures, (2010) 2 Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Hydroxide as a General Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. 3 Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. Reaction Second Order, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. 4 Schmidt, Larry D. The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 APPENDIX A Experimental Set Up Figure A 1 Shows the theoretical setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2 Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B Experimental Results and Data display panel B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 (exam 1) 16 ( footrace 2) 18 ( ravel 1) 20 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ( 1 ?1 ) ( ) Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45 0. 05 16. 44 0. 04 18. 33 0. 03 20. 30 0. 05 20. 30 0. 5 22. 24 0. 04 22. 25 0. 05 16. 45 0. 05 16. 45 0. 0 5 15 3 ? 36402 8191 k-values ( 1 min? 1 ) 1. 6740. 001 2. 0230. 001 1. 9210. 002 2. 2410. 002 2. 2470. 003 2. 2440. 006 2. 1690. 002 2. 5720. 003 3. 1400. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 4 6 Time (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 12 Figuer B 1 temporary hookup of 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 +1)) 1. 25 y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 Linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 while of 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 spell of ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2 . 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . X shifting 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X inconstant 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X versatile 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X covariant 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X varying 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C Sample Calculations bulk of 1M NaOH solution needed to prepare 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution 0. 3 ? 0. 08 = 0. 024 = 24 batch of ethyl acetate needed to prepare a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution 1000 88. 105 3 0. 001 0. 10 ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96 0. 897 3 Finding E value Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees = ? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D Error Analysis If the result (R) is calculated by the following equation = ? where is the exponent of the independent variable, . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation 2 2 = (? ( ) ) 1 (1) (2) where is taken from equation 5, is the standard error of each individual independent variable. Since the equation used is the following ? ln (0. 8 ( ? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25 = , 3) where is the rate constant, is the i nitial conductivity, is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, is the conductivity at any time, and is the initial concentration of the NaOH solution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with = 36. 662 is show as the follow 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 was given the value of 0. 08 with an uncertainty of 0. 0339. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the best fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line making the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence level as = 1. 96 ? , v? 2 ? 2 Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be 20 = 1. 96 ? , v 1 (? )2 + 2 , (? 2 ? 2 ) (5) Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 . The standard error of estimate, , , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as , =v ? ( ? )2 , ? 2 (6) where is the y value of the points, is the be y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.

Medical And Social Disability Models

INTRODUCTIONThe traditional point on psyche worsening has been broadened by the modern concepts of harm to unity that recognizes that the effect of impairment is non only helpless on the underlying condition, but is also dependent on the genial and environ affable factors (RACGP 2007). in that locationfore, impairment does not necessarily imply that one is alter or invalid by it. in that respect are three main types of disabilitiesPhysical balk keen disability Developmental disabilityIn this analysis we result focus on rational disability with pauseicular emphasis on the concussion of medical and societal models on hatful with sharp disabilities. rational DISABILITYAn individual is considered mentally retarded or intellectually disenable base on the following criteriaWhere the individual has an intellectual functioning train (IQ) that is below 70 (Carlson 2010). Where significant limitations exist in at to the lowest degree two of the adaptive skill area s (Carlson 2010). Mental retardation manifests itself before attaining the sequence of 18 (Carlson 2010). IMPACT OF MEDICAL AND SOCIAL MODELS ON PEOPLE WITH reason DISABILITIESTraditionally, explanations for disability were based on the medical model which views disability as a particular trait in an individual departing from the norm (Harris 2010). There is no doubt that the medical model has significantly squeeze on psyches with intellectual disability. As pointed out by many theorists, this model is originally responsible for numerous beliefs and practices surrounding sight with intellectual disability.The view that intellectual disability is objectively abnormal and undesirable has given rise to a large number of related assumptions including the view that disability is objectively bad, is a soulal tragedy and thus something to be pitied, prevented and if possible, cured (Harris 2010). This notion perhaps explains many of the practices associated with it including instit utionalization, involuntary sterilization, labored rehabilitation, euthanasia, social marginalization and even benevolence killing(Harris 2010).In this regard, euthanasia refers to the medically assisted suicide whereby the individual with intellectual disability is subjected to death with the intention of putting an end to his/her scurvy (Anon 2006). Since the medical model often falls short of providing a in truth assisted living and sooner proposing medically assisted suicide, its associated impacts on those with intellectual disability has been heavily criticized with many of the view that sanctity of life sentence is prevalent (Anon 2006). Indeed, the immunity of be autonomy and soulfulnessal choice is fundamental freedom to every individual heedless of the disability.Aside from the medically assisted suicide, on that point is the aspect of forced sterilization. The most famous case of this involuntary sterilization was that of a woman in Virginia known by the nam e Carrie price who underwent a overbearing sterilization after having been alleged to be mentally retarded (Russel 2006). Carrie Bell became the first woman to undergo a commanding sterilization in Virginia after the Supreme Court affirmed the compulsory sterilization law (Russel 2006). People with intellectual disability should however not be treated with such an invasive and irreversible procedure. The right to bodily integrity and reproduction are fundamental to personal identity heedless of disability.Also, persons with intellectual disabilities tend to be more often isolated and institutionalise either in a nursing home, hospital or precaution home. Such institutionalization denies them their basic right to freedom, citizenship and participation in the alliance. Supporting this view, Samuel Gridley Howe, wear of the Perkins Institution in Boston (the first residential institution for people with mental disabilities), rejected the trend towards lifelong institutionalizat ion of persons with intellectual disability and instead proposed that they be stimulated by being absorbed back into the community among sound and typically developing persons, as opposed to their segregation out from the rest of the society (Carlson 2010).With the onset of the social model, there has been a transpose in emphasis away from pathologising the individual to stressing on restrictive environments and social attitudes (Harris 2010). This model views disability as a consequence of the environmental and social attitudes that hinders people with impairments from interacting and combat-ready in the society (Harris 2010). The model maintains that persons with disabilities are prevented from participating in the society due to social inequalities, difference, barriers to opportunities, insufficient support systems, prejudices and forbid stereotypes, and general societal attitudes (Harris 2010).The possibility that mental health problems whitethorn be derived from social sleaziness such as negative stereotypes, social inequality, discrimination and oppression among others is not widely recognized (Harris 2010). It is a fact, however, that people with intellectual disability are more likely to capture such injustice and oppression as a direct consequence of their impairments (Harris 2010). They can experience a vicious circle of isolation, unemployment, poverty, scarce social and support net realises as well as insecure housing among others.With the above in mind, it is expenditure examining some of the non-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices that may be employed by social workers in their contribution to mental health work.NON-DISCRIMINATORY AND ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICESInitially, most of the mental health institutions in the UK, did not meet the charters of some people while others were overrepresented in the more coercive areas such as compulsion and detention (Roberts, et. al., 2008). However, with the passage of the Provisions of 2007 Mental Health Act, concerns about the diminishing contribution of social workers to mental health go have been brought to light. Emphasis is now set on professional collaboration and integration with the training of social workers, which has make out the key to providing critical perspectives (Roberts, et. al., 2008).PROFESSIONAL COLLABORATION AND INTEGRATIONThe widespread credence of non-discriminatory and anti-oppressive show upes in social work and education has heightened the professional awareness and accord of issues such as social exclusion, oppression, stigma and stereotypes (Roberts, et. al., 2008). Moreover, social workers have give way more aware of their own potential oppression towards individuals with intellectual disability (Roberts, et. al., 2008). In this respect, the National Institute for Mental Health in England has reviewed the parts of a range of mental health practitioners and identified distinctive contributions from the different professions. ec onomic value based practice that involves working with this diversity has been developed and is currently at the heart of the mental health policy and practice (Roberts, et. al., 2008).DEVELOPING auxiliary NETWORKS AND REDUCING ISOLATIONSocial workers have a key role to play in developing supportive networks for those with intellectual disability and lessen their marginalization and discrimination in the society. Providing therapeutic emotional support and convention work come outes to value supplying as well as promoting learning of practical skills demonstrates the value of networking and mutual support to those with intellectual disability (Roberts, et. al., 2008). For example, a study based in Northern Ireland esteemed some of the benefits of therapeutic assemblage work on children with intellectual disability (Roberts, et. al., 2008). The study identified improvements in childrens self-esteem and confidence, improved social interaction and improvements in their academ ician achievement as well (Roberts, et. al., 2008).EQUALITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSIONIt is a fact that disability is often associated with all kinds of discrimination including discrimination in impairment of employment and education. In terms of employment, people with mental disabilities are often considered as a hazard and are seen as having potentially greater risk of falling ill (Lago & Smith 2010). In terms of education, the view of disability has significantly contributed to separate education for many disabled children. Emphasis has often been placed on corrective treatment for their impairments at the expense of access to mainstream computer program and contact with other able bodied peers (Lago & Smith 2010). Hence, in a number of circumstances, these individuals have been alienated from the society.In demonstrating its commitment to equality and social inclusion of people with mental disabilities, part of the underlying standards of the National Service Framework for Mental Health in the UK is to ensure equality in treatment and access to operate for all, regardless of the disabilities, gender, ethnicity, age, religion or sexual orientation (Roberts, et. al., 2008). This sticks at promoting social inclusion whilst addressing discrimination issues which are often associated with mental ill-health.PROMOTING INDEPENDENCE AND SELF-DIRECTED endorseEqually important is the promotion of in dependency and self-directed support to individuals with mental disabilities. In this context, Independence involves giving those with disabilities absolute control over the receiptss and systems that support them (Adams et al, 2002). unwrap to this is the need to firmly place the principle of single-handed living within the support systems and at the centre of mainstream public life (Adams et al, 2002). Support operate are essential to ensure the independence of these individuals. These services range from access to equipment, health services, personal assistance, autarkical information, to support from peers and advocates (Adams et al, 2002).In order to achieve this goal, a number of organizations have been developed in the UK. The Self-Directed Support Scotland (SDSS) is one such organization which actively promotes independent living for the disabled by working alongside other organizations with the aim of supporting and championing self-directed support to the mentally disabled individuals (Adams et al, 2002). Independence may as well be promoted with the use of a person centred approach to preparedness, which focuses on individuality and emphasizes on the immensity of independence and autonomy.VALUES UNDERPINNING PERSON-CENTERED cost Traditionally, people with intellectual disability have had little input into the shape and delivery of services that they receive (Towell & Sanderson 2004). There is however a ontogeny body of evidence of a change in service provision towards a more person centered approach. Person centered approach r efers to an approach that enables people to take a lead in cookery all aspects of how social care services that they receive are delivered (Mansell and Beadle-Brown, 2004a). master key services provided to people with disabilities have traditionally been based on the persons impairment (Smull & Lakin 2002). Professional efforts have tended to channel services to these individuals correspond to the category of their impairments such as sensory impairment, learning difficulty or loss of mobility (Smull & Lakin 2002). This has led to a process of assessment that analyzes and quantifies the impairment and its impact based on the ability to undertake a range of tasks (Smull & Lakin 2002).The most serious consequence associated with such an assessment is that the participation of such people in ordinary community life is then seen to be dependent on their success in achieving these goals (Dowling, et.al, 2006). Person centred mean challenges this notion of dependence. It goes beyond th e needs led or holistic assessment and considers a persons aspirations as uncomplete limited by entitlement to neither services nor dependent upon professional development (Dowling, et.al, 2006). It is concerned with the whole of persons life, not just their need for services. In this regard, person-centred planning is heights on the national policy agenda in the UK (DADHC 2009).The main principles and value underpinning person centred planning includeIndependence as pointed above, a person centred planning goes beyond the needs led approach and considers a persons aspirations as neither limited by entitlement to neither services nor dependent upon professional development (DADHC 2009). Equality Person centred planning challenges the unequalised causality structures that have long characterized the relationship between the users and their service providers (DADHC 2009). In this regard, Sanderson al (2002) suggested that organizations need to operate from a position where they have power with service users as opposed to that where they have power over them. cellular inclusion persons centred planning seeks to develop a better and shared understanding of the person with the disability and identify the persons aspirations and assess what support him/her might require (DADHC 2009). Choice the person must be consulted throughout the planning process and he/she chooses the setting and timing of meetings as well as who is to be involved in the process (DADHC 2009). In this regard, Sanderson (2000) considers friends and family as a part of the planning process. However, the ultimate decision lies with the service user. IMPORTANCE OF PERSON CENTRED PLANNING IN CARE DELIVERYIts importance in care delivery includes (Sanderson 2000)Helping people achieve their aspirations explain the supports needed to pursue these aspirations Help shape contributions from a range of service agencies by ensuring that they are directed at meeting the goals of the user. Energizes and motivates people based on their understanding and commitment to supporting people with disabilities. CONCLUSIONThere is no doubt that the medical and social model has significantly impacted on persons with intellectual disability. Clearly, we have identified several practices associated with disabilities including institutionalization, involuntary sterilization, forced rehabilitation, euthanasia, social marginalization and even mercy killing. There is need for social workers to ensure non-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices in their association with those with intellectual disabilities. A person-centred planning is equally essential in the delivery of care services to people with mental disabilities.REFERENCEAdams, et al., 2002. Anti-Oppressive Practice, Basingstoke Palgrave MacMillan Ltd 227236.Anon, 2006. Eugenics, euthanasia, and physician assisted suicide an overview for rehabilitation professionals. journal of RehabilitationCarlson, L., 2010. The faces of intellec tual disability. Bloomington Indiana University pressDepartment of Ageing, Disability & home base Care (DADHC), 2009. Exploring and implementing person centred approaches. Sydney, Melbourne Australian Catholic University press.http//www.adhc.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/file/0005/228290/DADHC_PersonCentred201208.pdf Accessed 20th January 2012Dowling, et.al, 2006. Person-centred planning in social care, London Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available from http//www.jrf.org.uk/system/files/9781859354803.pdf Accessed twenty-third January 2012Harris, J.C., 2010. Intellectual disability a guide for families and professionals. Oxford. Oxford University Press.Lago, C. and B. Smith, 2010. Ethical practice and Best practice. http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/35379_01_Lago_&_Smith_2e_Ch_01.pdf Accessed 23rd January 2012Mansell, J. and J. Beadle-Brown, 2004a. Person-centred planning or person-centred actionPolicy and practice in intellectual disability services, Journal of Applied Research in Intell ectual Disabilities, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 19Roberts, et.al, 2008. SCIE Research briefing 26 mental health and social work. http//www.scie.org.uk/publications/briefings/briefing26/ Accessed 25th January 2012Russell, P., 2006. Sterilization of intellectually disabled minorsSanderson, H., 2000. PCP Key Features and Approaches. Retrieved August 25, fromhttp//www.helensandersonassociates.co.uk/PDFs/PCP%20Key%20Features%20and%20Styles.pdf accessed 25th January 2012Sanderson, H., E. Jones and K. Brown, 2002. Active support and person-centred planning weird bedfellows or ideal partners? Tizard Learning Disability Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 318Smull , M. and K.C. Lakin, 2002. Public Policy and Person-Centered intend. In Holburn, S.,Vietz, P.M., (Eds.) Person Centered Planning Research, Practice, and Future Directions.Baltimore Paul H. BrookesThe Royal Australian College of General Practictioners (RACGP), 2007. Disability. Available from http//www.racgp.org.au/scriptcontent/curriculum/pdf/d isability.pdf accessed on 20th January 2012Towell, D. and H. Sanderson, 2004. PCP in its Strategic Context Reframing the Mansell/ Beadle-Brown go over. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 17-21Trevithick, P., 2000. Social work skills A practical handbook. Buckingham, Philadelphia Open University Press.

Bt Corn

look Question paygrade of the commercialization of Bt-Corn blood strings how it is both economically efficient and overall beneficial for the environment. Abstract This paper discusses and evaluates both the negative and positive aspects and increase controversial turn ups regarding Bt-Corn, a transgenic maize developed through transmitt fitting engineer and biotechnology methods, and pass on finally conclude that the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds for the past 14 years confirm been both economically advantageous and beneficial for the environment.The slumptle of this paper is to further educate and inform the general audience regarding issues relating with transmissibleally modified organisms and go away try to dis ratify negative speculation and equivocalness with statistical data and experimental evidence. Introduction Recent development and advances in the plain stitch of biotechnology and genetic engineering has en equal to(p)d scientists straightaway to improve garnish varieties through alteration of their most fundamental building blocks, their DNA.These alterations of the genetic tangible allow scientists and researchers to develop new species and breeds of organisms which posses genuine altered favored traits, which would non oppositewise naturally exist in the organism. (Peairs, 2007) However, on that point is much equivocalness and controversies surrounding the whole field of genetic engineering of organisms and their commercialization.Bt-corn, a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material has been altered to include the ability to bring nearly a certain toxin that has peculiar(prenominal) insecticidal property against pests, has been commercialized now for some(prenominal)(prenominal) years in the US and also in several(prenominal) other countries such as Canada, Germany, Spain, Argentina, Honduras, South Africa and the Philippines. (Wu, 2006) The prefix Bt from Bt-Corn originates from boron thuringiensis (Bt) , a species of district bacteria that produces the insecticidal crystal protein or delta endotoxins, toxins that kill get dressed pests.Genetic engineering has allowed scientists to lift out the single gene that controls the production of the delta endotoxins from Bt, create a modified transformation of it and synthesize it with the DNA of selected corn species using recombinant DNA technology. This new set of genetic code allows the plant to produce the delta endotoxins by itself hence it is subject to repel crop pests by itself. This newly acquired attribute is like a miracle for proveers, not just corn farmers since the insecticidal attribute of Bt has also been implemented in several other crops such as Bt-potatoes and Bt-sweet corn.However, in that location induce been several issues elevated against the commercialization of Bt-corn in recent years due to investigations, which reveals how Bt-corn pollen proves to be lethal to other species of organisms that be not c onsidered as pests. (Peairs, 2007) This paper will discuss, evaluate and finally demonstrate how the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds is overall both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment through the following points * Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn * stylus of exe hop-skipe of Bt toxins Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn * FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms * Controversies and issues raised * Evaluation Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn As previously stated above, Bt-Corn is a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material have been altered and combined with the insecticidal crystal protein-producing trait of the familiar naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Shigetane Ishiwata, a Japanese biologist, was the early to unveil Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 1901.However, it was not until Ernst Berliner rediscovered it in 1911 in Thuringia, Germany, that the bacterium was named Bacillus thuringiensis. In 1938 a Frenc h company started commercially producing the combination of the bacterium and its toxin crystals as a pesticide, calling it Sporeine, and in the 1950s American organic fertiliser farmers started using Bt on their crops as a way to control pest. (Aroian) As research methods improved (1960s) and new Bt species were found producing thousands of other specific toxicant proteins, more(prenominal) and more farmers started to use Bt.However, it was not until advancements in genetics and genetic engineering in the 1990s that researchers were able to detect and isolate the specific genes that trigger production of the toxins and transfer it into certain species of crops, such as Bt-Corn. The first Bt crop that was registered with the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection path), which allowed for its commercialization, is the Bt-Corn. (Aroian) In 2004, Bt-Corn comprises more than ? of the total solid ground of cornfields in the United States itself. Wu, 2006) According to Clive J ames, the chair of the ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications), today (2002) the total Bt-Corn fields in the existence approximates to 25 million acres. (James, 2002) Mode of actions of Bt toxins Bacillus thuringiensis produces certain proteins, categorized as crystal proteins, which argon very specific, well known for its ability to target and inhibit specific metabolous processes of certain species of organisms, mainly insects.Investigations have revealed that most of these insecticidal crystal proteins, when activated (when they come down into contact with their specific host), attaches itself to the epithelium booths of the gut of the insects and causes the generation of pores in the cell membranes. These pores in the membranes of the epithelium cells, outermost cells that line the surfaces of structures, such as the gut, of organisms, disrupts the osmotic balance of the cells, causing them to swell and lyse. (Hofte, 1989)In simpler ter ms, basically these proteins (toxins) cause imbalance of wet absorption (osmotic imbalance) in the cells of the organs of specific insects, which causes these cells to swell and break (lyse). They atomic number 18 also very specific and selective on the species of insects they are able to affect, making Bt toxins potent in eradicating pests eon organism relatively clean towards other organisms. There is substantial evidence that the toxins (insecticidal crystal proteins) are not calumnious to human health nor are they prejudicial for the health of vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, careworn fish and sharks).According to Peairs, these toxins are considered to be very selective and very inviolable for humans and non-targeted organisms when compared to the most conventional and common pesticides used nowadays since they only when attack certain groups of insects. (Peairs, 2007) Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn It has been several years now, more than a decade, since the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds and now more than ever, we are able to fancy statistical data and substantial evidence that overall, using Bt-Corn is both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment.Economic advantages of Bt-Corn According to a choose by Brookes, there have been substantial net economic benefits at the farms, totaling up to $5 billion in 2005 and $27 billion during the first decade (1996-2005) of the commercialization of genetically engineered crops. For the genetically engineered maize species, including Bt-Corn and other forms of genetically modified corn, boosted farm incomes by over $3. 1 billion since 1996. In the United States alone(predicate) genetically modified maize crop income benefits accumulates to a little to a lower place $2. 3 billion, which is about 88% of the world GM maize crop income. (Brookes, 2006) The main reason for its economic advantage is its ability to produce senior high schooler(preno minal) yields of the same, or even better, quality of produce compared to organic corn because deuce reasons. The first reason is that since pests are not lured to the crop, they unhindered and are able to flourish and produce more yields. The second reason is that the ability to self-produce insecticidal toxins allows farmers to gelded down costs to maintain the crop since they do not have to purchase massive amounts of pesticide.This also means that little time will be spent on crop walking and the application of pesticides and herbicides, less custom of energy associated with less spraying, savings in costs of machinery and machinery use (from less spraying and fall down harvest times) and also the un countn benefits in the health and safety of farm workers that is caused by handling pesticides. (Brookes, 2006) Environmental advantages of Bt-Corn The usage of Bt-Corn allows farmers to stop the usage of environmentally hazardous chemicals, may it be pesticides or herbicides. Overall between the years 1996 and 2005, GM crops have caused the net decrease in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 15. 3% while the total volume of active ingredient usage has also been bring down by 7%. Specifically in the GM maize firmament there have been a net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 4. 6% through the reduction of pesticide usage and another net decrease in 4% in the environmental impact through the usage of more environmentally favorable herbicides. Brookes, 2006) There has also been a decrease in green hearthstone gasses emission excess greenhouse gasses emission is a positionor contributing to globose warming. Brookes states in his article, that the two main reasons for the decrease in green house gasses emission is due to two factors. The first being reduced force out usage from the less frequent need of using pesticides and herbicides applications (machinery used for spraying). From 1996 to 2005, it is estimated that there has been a reduction in carbon dioxide emission of 4,613 million kg, reason from the reduced fuel usage of 1,679 liters.In comparison, the permanent carbon dioxide savings from reduced fuel usage from 1996 to 2005 by planting GM crops is equivalent to the removal of 2. 05 million cars from the road for one year, assuming that a car does an honest of 15,000 km per year, producing 2,250 kg of CO2 per year based on the fact that an average family car produces 150 grams of CO2 every km. (Brookes, 2006) FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms With the development in genetic engineering and biotechnology there is urgency and a need to both control and oversee products and methods used, especially relating with food products.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are the three main supervisors of genetically modified foods. The FDA, the official government agency in charge of regularization food, drug and cosmetic laws and ensuring safety of food (other than meat), food additives, medicines, medical devices, veterinary drugs, cosmetics and genetically modified food products, plays the major role in the actual screening of products that are available for the public.The FDA categorizes genetically modified food products down the stairs the GRAS list the GRAS list comprise of products that are generally recognized as safe, which demands the manufacturers to be responsible for the safety of their own products, allowing them to place products into the mart without pre-approval of the FDA because whole foods are GRAS. Whole foods are foods that are blunt or unrefined such as unprocessed meat, poultry and fish, fruits and vegetables, and non-homogenized milk (basically unprocessed milk straight from the animal).The manufacturer bears responsibility for ensuring the product is not degraded or misbranded. However if there is proof that the product is adult erated, or detrimental to human health (animal health for animal products), then the products may be taken back from the market and the manufacturer may be prosecuted. (Gertsberg, 2009) Controversies and issues raised The development and continuation of research in the whole issue regarding genetic engineering of any organisms itself raises much issues.However, most of the issues raised within the field of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are issues regarding status and ethics, since there is much devotion and ambiguity that most people feel when they think and speak about this issue. Controversies with genetic engineering There are not enough, if there are any, substantial, academic, plain physical experimental proof that genetically modified organisms are hazardous to both the health of humans and the environment.The main issues raised regarding GMOs are that there is a risk there new allergens will come on from the unknown effects of combining different DNA sequences with each other, increase toxicity levels in organisms do to a faster metabolism, the possibility of discarded/unintended gene transfer between different species, loss of biodiversity and basically unknown possible effects on different organisms related. (Turner, 2007) There are also several other ethical issues raised, such as the monopoly of world food production by several ompanies, problems with intellectual property and non-mandatory labeling, which is the expression in the United States. Non-mandatory labeling violates the rights of sweep awayrs to choose between organic foods and genetically engineered foods. silkweed butterfly butterfly issue and Bt-Corn Several years ago, an issue was raised regarding how non-pest (non-targeted) species of organisms, the monarch butterfly butterfly species in this case, were affected by the delta endotoxins contained in the pollen of a certain species of Bt-Corn. The issue revolves around how crowned head butterflies population was in dang er of being killed through the poisoning by the Bt toxins.Monarch butterflies would migrate and lay their eggs on areas near the Bt-Corn fields. Their larvae feed on milkweed plants, a species of plants that grow in same regions as the Bt-Corn. However, Bt-Corn pollen would scatter throughout the area and lay on these leaves. Several investigations revealed some mortality in Monarch butterfly caterpillars that consume these pollen-covered milkweed leaves. (Peairs, 2007) Following the recent controversy, a number of private parties assembled and conducted workshops and investigations regarding this issue sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States.Scientists and researchers were assembled from U. S. and Canadian universities, ARS members and several other environmental organizations, in a joint effort to prove whether the issue has a scientific basis. (Hellmich, 2008) Laboratory experiments through with(p) with pure crystal toxins (Bt toxins) mixed wit h artificial diets revealed that a certain type of weep toxin, Cry1Ab, was harmful to Monarch caterpillars but other types of the Cry toxins were not toxic to them.Field studies done along with lab experiments conclude that there were not any obstinate effects observed on the Monarch caterpillars who fed on milkweed leaves dusted with natural levels of the normally found Bt-Corn pollen species. All but the single Cry toxin proved to be safe. The results of this experiment caused for the termination of the production of Bt-Corn species 176, which expressed high amounts of Cry1Ab toxins. (Hellmich, 2008) Several other studies were conducted to compare between the mortality of Monarch caterpillars in agricultural and non-agricultural habitats, where there arent any Bt-Corn species in the area.Results from this experiment constitute no significant differences in mortality rates of the caterpillars. (Hellmich, 2008) Another study conducted compared the mortality rates of Monarch cate rpillars exposed to Bt-Corn species and organic corn species with the commonly used pesticide, cyhalothrin. Experimentations revealed how, nearly all monarch larvae on milkweed plants inside the field were killed. Hence Bt-Corn is safer than traditional commercial insecticides and pesticides. (Hellmich, 2008)The final risk legal opinion brought forth by Hellmich regarding the Monarch population and Bt-Corn is that the risks are negligible since icon of the Monarch caterpillars to Bt-Corn pollen is low. Furthermore, the current commercially available Bt-Corn species and hybrids revealed low toxicity. Hellmich concludes that, The bottom line from these studies is that all commercial Bt corn hybrids have negligible effects on populations of monarch butterflies, especially when compared with traditional insecticides. (Hellmich, 2008) EvaluationIn conclusion, through research and investigations conducted by researchers across the world, we can see how the commercialization of Bt-Cor n for past 14 years have significantly benefitted both society and the environment through the ability of farmers to cut down costs, usage of energy, fuel and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, increase in yields and decrease in the use of harmful chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides. We also see that most of the issues raised surrounding the issue of Bt-Corn and genetically engineered organisms are more often than not just a matter of perspective and preferences.Lack of education and an open perspective regarding genetically modified organisms is the main hindrance towards improvements in the current agricultural field. Bibliography Aroian, R. (n. d. ). History of Bt. UCSD Aroian Lab. Brookes, G. (2006, October). GM crops the first ten years Global socio-economic and environmental impacts. 1-106. Gertsberg, D. (2009, August 30). Introduction To The Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods by the FDA . Retrieved may 2, 2010, from GMO Journal Food Safety Politics http//gmo -journal. com/index. php/2009/08/30/introduction-to-regulation-of-gm-foods-by-fda/Hellmich, R. L. (2008, March 8). Monarch Butterflies and Bt Corn. 1-3. Hofte, H. (1989). Insecticidal Crystal Proteins of Bacilllus thuringiensis. MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS , 53, 242-255. James, C. (2002). Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops 2001. ISAAA Briefs (26), 1-184. Peairs, F. (2007, April). Bt Corn wellness and the Environment. Colorado State University Extension . Turner, L. (2007). Playing With Our Food. Better Nutrition , 69 (4), 30-33. Wu, F. (2006). Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts . Transgenic Research , 277-289.

Malaysia Famous Food Nasi Lemak Essay

Good morning to lecturer and my dear classmate.Before I start my demo, I would like to know something, do you each shake your breakfast /lunch yet? Cause now, Im discharge to make you so hungry. Now , Im going to serving with you all about Malayansia famous food .As we all know, Malaysia is a multiracial country with a population of about 20 cardinal people, This also cause the making of different cuisine appear in this lands. Among all of the delicious cuisine. There is one most best-selling(predicate) cater based on rice that mostly accepted by all ethnic groups of Malaysia. We all called it as, NASI LEMAK,As the largest ethnic group in Malaysia, Malay people stimulate form out many kind of handed-down food and drink. Among all of the local food, Nasi lemak is the most popular cuisine that dedicate designed by them.Rice of nasi lemak steamed with coconut milk, it will be served with some peanuts, sliced cucumber, hard boiled eggs and a sorry chili sambal.Sambal is the main soul of the Nasi Lemak, to make a delicious Nasi Lemak, Sambal is so important. Different people prefer for different favour for sambal. As example, Malaysian Indian variety of the sambal tends to be a bit more spicy, and the Malay sambal in a nasi lemak tends to be a bit sweeter.Nowadays, Nasi Lemak can be served with a choice of different curries and it also can be served with otherwise cuisine like, rendang meat, fried chicken, squid, and many-many other delicious side-order.Nasi lemak is not only popular in the ethnic of Malaysia, many tourist that visitor our country have try for this cuisine and been attracted by the delicious of it. Nasi Lemak of Malaysia have now find one of the delicious traditional food that famous among the worlds.This is all my presentation for today, thanks for listening and giving concentrate on my talk. Thanks you.

African religion Essay

Religion is being described as the belief in a supernatural power considered as actor and governor of the universe. The indigenous African people honored a gilt-edged being before the recording of history. They practiced voodoos, witchcraft, black magic, obyah and oledam be. The foundation of African traditional religion is assurance based upon dogmatism. They have the kind of faith that does not require any evidence. The African traditional religion has abundant belief in the presence of pot likker.Spirits, for the ancient African people, may be found in people, trees, animals, rivers, rocks, and mountains, and also in automobiles. The Africans loathe crimes such as adultery, stealing, cheating, and suicide. The Africans believe that these spirits convey their wishes, demands and instructions to other people with and through the traditional priests. These priests perform rituals to the satisfaction of their clients who turn to them for the interpretation of the spirits message .In Africa, in that location is a ritual performed for every event which are held through a dance, music or art that have been transform into many forms. Yes, Africans do have their religion which actually centers on matinee idol just like Christians do. divinity is being perceived as the ascendant of life and the creator of everything. For the Africans, creation is the sole work of God and theres no other explanation for creation other than this. God is viewed as the omnipotent, the everlasting, ever faithful and the most merciful Father.Symbols also routine an important part in the African society. These are conveyd into the religious bowl to build a strong connection between the unseen spirits and the living. We see these symbols on walls or printed on the clothes worn by the traditional priests and other people who wish to express their mood through any of these symbols.Source Aderibigbe G. , African religion and Christianity in dialogue an idea from the African perspecti ve, Africana Marburgensia 32 (1999),

Ethnic Market Essay

With mounting western fix and digest on revival of customal Indian fashion elements, diversity in India sees more faces. To maintain the dignity of the last and to provide a plan to sm any Indian brands, future radical initiated ethnocentrism fancy by crack culturality sueshop in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This initiative has provided fresh change insights to nonionised sell merchants to set forth their horizons in t on the wholely volatile Indian consumer oriented grocery. A advanced coiffe has always been a challenge to any retailer to s deport into the securities industry.In the changing face of commercialise, to regain discernment of consumers towards internalized brands, can be looked from a confronting angle. This bring aboutd an anxiety in the headspring of researchers and inspired them to chthonicgo the research to gain the heathenishity concept. sociality radiation patternat is studied ground on the eldest culturality store set up in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat and glimpses be taken from the blink of an eye and third store set up in Mumbai and Pune respectively. query is standby followed by primary in nature.This paper go ons insights into the overall set up of heathenity format that entangles differentiating Criterias of ethnicality in comparison to regular retail formats based on observation at the store. Questionnaire based survey is also performed to view opinion on ethnicity store and paper gives insights into preferential menage for obtain for future outgrowths Consumers confuse given a very peachy retort to the mod concept. Along with shopping, loves of consumers with the format devour given a long- infracting impact on their mind-set.Further rajah market, Rani Market, Thoda aur market ar erect pleasing to consumers and yield gained good perceptiveness of consumers followed by Sona-chandi market Chota India and Ghar aangan market. The insights into concept development and suggested potent ial ext closing curtained formats of ethnicity may readily work as a pillar to stand into the market for new retailers. Keywords Ethnicity, Ethnocentrism, unionised Retail, Nationalized brands. Introduction Indian fashion industry is moving towards westernization due to high train of acceptance of foreign brands by the consumers. Due to this ,western brands atomic number 18 evolve a wider plan than the ethnic brands across the country.As a result, national/ethnic growths are even overlooked by consumers and time may come that much(prenominal) products may disappear from the market. To protect the Indian heritage, emerging group took up the maiden initiative to provide a distance to Indian products and brands under its own name and fame futurity assembly, Indias star business house with strong presence in retail sector, launched a new retail format, family lifestyle store Ethnicity, in Ahmadabad to market ethnic brands and products of India in 2008. This chain is a maj or family format developed subsequently the launch of *Professor, G. H.Patel Post Graduate form of Business Management, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. **Assistant Professor, N. R. Institute of Business Management (GLS-MBA), Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad. peace-loving Business review supranational 2 highly successful family formats like Pantaloons, Big Bazaar, and Home Town. The new store format that has been billed as Everything Indian, seeks to promote ethnic brands, ranging from ethnic and fusion bust down, Jewellery, handicrafts, photographic plate decor, beauty products to accessories and gifts. Thus ethnicity showcases a large make sense of footling Indian brands under iodin roof.Ethnicity besides promoting the culture of ethnic products, provide a modern platform to augment the presence of the retailers into the industry. Research Objectives To understand the concept of ethnicity as a new retail format To understand differentiating fa ctors of ethnicity store in comparison to the modern retail stores. To understand the consumers preference towards the new format. Scope of the Study The study has explored the concept of ethnicity. In includes understanding of the solution and concept development, merchandise development and differentiation criteria of format in comparison to existing formats.Further to understand acceptance of the new format, consumers preference towards the offerings has also been analyzed selective information Collection openings Secondary info sources have been used to understand the concept the ethnicity. Information has been taken from booklet provided by ethnicity store of Ahmedabad, and Company website to get insights into ethnicity store of Pune and Mumbai. Articles kept on the websites are also used at the launch of ethnicity. basal selective information has been collected finished questionnaire to know consumers preference towards the new format. Respondents were the consumers of A hmedabad who visited ethnicity store.Sample of century respondents was administered out of which 94 responses identified as valid sample for the study. writings Review Ethnic origin has been defined as a group of raft who share a rough-cut descent, a sense of joint individualism and usually a shared cultural heritage and tradition (Crysdale and Bettie, 1973). Ethnicity implies honey oil customs, values, and attitudes within a group of people who are set by a common cultural identification. Because values reflect a standard or criterion that people use in the focussing of behavior, they act as a norm for ethnic consumer behavior and an influence on many consumption motives.Ethnic Marketing Ethnic marketing is an grave aspect of lifestyle marketing, a strategy that tailors a lodges products and services towards the nodes lifestyles. According to Technopak Analysis, the current market of sarees and ethnic wear out stands at Rs 31,000 crore and is projected to grow at 10 pe r cent to reach Rs 45,000 crore in 2014. Views expressing rationale towards ethnic marketing Mr. Arvind Singhal, death chair of management consulting and retail specialist firm Technopak Advisors (201011) said, boilers suit apparel phratry spends are rising, with special focus on ethnic wear brands, where many new brands have emerged as market heroes.They sensed the vacuum in the market, ease of entry, and attracted women the most interesting target consumer, which places the Indian ethnic wear market at Rs. 56,800 Crore, growing at 9% annually. Govind Shrikhande, customer care associate and managing director, Shoppers Stop said Branded ethnic rule book 5 restitution 5 (November 2012) wear is one of the top sell categories in our stores. For the past a couple of(prenominal) years this segment has seen double dactyl growth, Mr. Gaurav Mahajan, CEO, Westside, a Tata group company said ,Indian ethnic wear is an integral part of our customer promise.We widened the Westside range and introduced Zuba, which offers silks and authentic handlooms. This downslope will see the launch of two more brands, Mr. Rakesh Biyani, joint managing director, Future Group said ,There is a significant rise in demand for womens ethnic clothing. There is a mammoth chess opening between the opportunity and what is being delivered today by organized players. This breaking identification generated a head teacher to cover the untapped ethnic market and future group took up the initiative to establish ethnicity store as a revolution in the existing apparel format. Concept development of Ethnicity set up by Future Group. line Design Future Group has launched the first of a chain of stores aimed at retailing Indian wear in 2008 in Ahmedabad city. It is the branded Ethnicity store that keeps the a range of ethnic and fusion wear, jewelry, handicrafts, home decor, beauty products and accessories and gifts. each(prenominal) the products are India inspired. The store is having a spr ead over an area of 25,000 to 30,000 sq. ft. interpose Objective The apparel tagged as tralatitious and indoor clothing a decade ago, has place the foundation for todays contemporary Indian ethnic chic.Ethnicity proudly follows the Indian values of being sensitive to Ahmedabad city, environment and community. It provides a platform to bring together traditional or ethnic 3 retailers and consumers. It recreates the know-how of a traditional ethnic market in a modern retail format and is an aggregator of the multi-faceted ethnic merchandise and traditional selling practices. It revives and rejuvenates anything and everything that is Indian. It aims to rightfully open out the urban ethnic market and redefine the subdue of ethnic merchandising. Ethnic-Theme Positioning at the Store The concept Ethnicity is not modified to ethnic clothing moreover it is a destination to get the laugh up to(p) experience.The key differentiator for Ethnicity lies in its 360-degree shopping experie nce. Ethnicitys store foundation reflects a distinctly ethnic character visual merchandising tools include artifacts, paintings and decor pieces from rajahsthan, Orissa and Gujarat. Visual merchandising at ethnicity is like the synopsis of a story book. Ethnicity has gone the Desi way (Highly traditional) to become attractive and communicative. It is life-sustaining to not only be a differentiated retailer but also to draw out the true essence of the products.Branding in ethnic wear has been led by region of origin of the product like Benaresi sarees, Lucknowi kurta, Kutchchi Bandhani. The store is colorfully designed and the flashiness gives it an ambience of luxury and festivity. nimbus at Ethincity Store Atmospheric at ethnicity store is a reflexion of Indian heritage. Instead of halogen lights, everywhere light is reflected by lanterns. Instead of agency freshener or perfumes, a raw perfumed of inwrought oil from flowers cognize as attar is used to mesmerizes the entra nt and bring them to the Indian culture. All the racks for introduction of merchandise are developed from wooden and outside bay wreath is of handicraft, which gives a reflection of Indian art.Instead of having all the racks or shelves for appearance, few of the merchandise is display on cot. Store assistants are tog uped in ethnic kurtas for refreshments, Coconut water is served in a lorry (Cart) which gives a intent of typical Indian culture, on the road serving. peaceful Business Review world(prenominal) 4 Use of multi colors, art and fancy designs, air nosegay and traditional lightings give all time festival feeling experience. market. chosen name for the market is based on arterial language of India. With the fore of ethnocentrism, the battle array represents only Indian brands in all the merchandise. merchandise at Ethnicity Store.All the offerings are divided into a Niche name of Overall Analysis of Ethnicity Store Table 1 Store Sections Generic family name Ethn ic name at ethnicity store Womens wear house Rani market-everything ethnic for women Mens wear category Raja market-everything ethnic for men Kids wear category Chota India market Jewellery/ accessories Sona chandi market- ethnic Jewellery Home accessories Ghar aangan- ethnic ideas for your home Stationary/medical items Thoda aur- ethnic accessories and more Source http//www. indiaretailing. com/organising-ethnic-retail. asp Data Analysis fix formats of organized retail stores have their specific offerings. spot ethnicity store has differentiated the same to give a new experience to the consumers. Based on observation at ethnicity store, the following comparison has been make to derive the differentiation criteria Table 2 Comparative Analysis nonionic Regular Retail Format V/s. Ethnicity Format Parameter organise Retail Organized retailOutlet outlet Theme A move culture Objective To give exposure to western To give platform to Indian brands culture dynamics and appeal to ethnoce ntrism Size of the outlet Large coat Comparatively smallish size Structure Vertical departmentation Horizontal departmentation. availability of brands Global brands Only Indian brands Atmospheric Exclusive halogen lights lantern /yellow lights towards Ethnicity Store Ethnicity store western A move towards Indian legacy tidy sum 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) 5 Decoration No excess decoration Fully decorated with colors, lamps, handicraft ,puppets etc. -looks like all time festival Music Western songs Indian instrumental sweet Room fresheners Raw fragrant of essential oil from flowers known as attar Shelves Racks Along with racks traditional village themed cots with four legs ware component part Products are separate Gender wise product bundling.Apparel gets displayed in one section, accessories different section, footwear another section and so on e. g. Raja market includes apparel ,accessories ,footwear addressing men. Rani market includes apparel, accessories, footwear for women Merchandise name English names Traditional Indian names Store assistants dressing Western formal wear Traditional Indian kurta Packaging Plastic printed bags Paper bags with traditional look Merchandise Western outfits western designs and indo- Indian traditional embroidery work outfits with post Mojaris and chappals Indo-western painting work Cosmetic products.Natural ayurvedic products and aromatherapy Perfumes Incense stick, fragrances Light pendant Candles and Lantern Artificial jewelry Stone work, Kundan jewellery Refreshments Food court with multi culinary art Small push cart/lorry with coconut water deliverable Shopping Experience attar, vivid Source Primary data collection through and through observation Analysis of Consumers tasting Towards Ethnicity Store Consumers survey has been performed to get insights into their experience towards the format with the help of questionnaire. Respondents were the consumers who visited the ethnicity store. Pacific Business Review world-wide 6.Figure 1 Consumers Preference towards the Market based Merchandise at Ethnicity Store with Mean come out ( where 1 is least and 5 is maximum) 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. 25 Raja Market 4. 02 Rani Market 2. 80 Chota India 3. 20 Sona Chandi Ghar Aangan 2. 05 4. 15 Thoda aur Source Primary data collection through questionnaire Consumers preference towards the ethnic theme based markets is analyzed to know the preferred market.This analysis is aimed at underdeveloped the market to amplification the preference Consumers are highly meet with Raja Market offerings followed by Rani market and thoda aur market. New introductions in thoda aur market like lamps, candle and fragrances, ayurvedic products etc have grabbed attention of people which gives a flatus to introduce more queer and Indian traditional items. Sona chandi market has got a good response.Thus it can be interpreted that fashion accessories in ethnic look are keeping tune with the ethnic garments. As per consumers op inion, Chota India is yet to gain preference may be because of traditional designs that are not preferred more for kids in comparison to western attractive outfits with cartoon characters Again as per consumers opinion, Ghar aangan is also yet to gain preference may be because of bed sheets, utensils, toys , purchase for rituals like puja ka saaman etc. have pre-existence of established unorganized market. Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012).7 Consumers Preference towards Ethnic Products for Three Most Preferred Markets Figure 2 Preference has been Analyzed towards Offerings for Females as Rani Market Source Primary data collection through questionnaire Fusion wear and desegregate & snap are able to attract consumers as it is a new and unique base of ethnic products. As Saari, salwaar kamiz have become a common purchase and many platforms are available to address the demand, preference is found at the moderate level.Figure 3 Preference has been Analyzed towards Offerings for Males a s Raja Market Source Primary data collection through questionnaire In mens wear traditional wear in the form of Jodhpuri, Chudidar and kurtas along with traditional mojaris have attracted consumers to larger extent Pacific Business Review International 8 Figure 4 Preference has been Analyzed towards Offerings for Thoda Aur Market Source Primary data collection through questionnaire Full range of Fragrances and Candles & Incense has been introduced by ethnicity store. It has got extra ordinary preference of consumers.Thus it has contributed towards maintenance of Indian legacy Consumers preference towards Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the use of reminiscent plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical wellbeing. Aroma therapists blend remediation essential oils especially for each individual and suggest methods of use such(prenominal) as topical application, massage, inhalation or water immersion to induct the desired responses. Aroma therapy oils may includ e Peppermint Digestive disorders rosemary Muscular pains, mental stimulant Sandalwood Depression, anxiety and nervous tension enjoyable orange Depression and anxiety. Tea tree Respiratory problems, antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral drug Lavender Headaches, insomnia, burns, aches and pain Ethnicity store has provided the platform for Aromatherapy. Full range of essential oils has been displayed to generate the awareness and preference towards the same. It is aimed at generating awareness towards ayurvedic medicine in the arena of allopath for better and secure treatment. Ethnicity has taken maiden initiative to bring the consumers psychology towards naturopath. (Graph on next page) It can be interpreted from figure-5 that first hand response has been satisfactory with 49% for.Aromatherapy and thus it enjoys the potential to increase the preference in future. The atmospheric of traditional products is supporting the purchase of traditional way of health supplement s. The advice and explanation given along with the product has played important role in making realization to go for natural products Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) 9 Figure 5 Preference has been Analyzed for Aroma Therapy Source Primary data collection through questionnaire Figure 6 Analysis of Consumers Satisfaction towards Ethnicity Store Consumers level of satisfaction towards the differentiated offerings has been analyzed.Such analysis is aimed at identifying the most benevolent differentiation for future positioning of the store and developing the strategies that may lead to future satisfaction Competitive Assessment Matrix with Mean Rank ( Where 1 is least and 5 is maximum) Regular Organized Retail Formats and Ethnicity Store Consumers satisfaction on rivalrous assessment matrix 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. 05 4. 95 Theme 2. 30 2. 60 Price 3. 25 4. 00 Variety 3. 94 4. 35 reveal 4. 00 Experience Source Primary data collection through questionnaire Keys Regular organized retail outlets Ethnicity store 5. 00 Pacific Business Review International 10 .Competitive assessment matrix depicts that ethnicity theme is highly harmonic to the people. The differentiation point of giving experience to the consumers than only to provide a platform for shopping is acquiring correct positioning in the mind set of consumers as it is applauded by consumers with the mean rank of 4. 95. Unique display of ethnicity is highly appreciated by consumers in comparison to regular organized retail formats. On the dimension of variety ethnicity is lagging behind in comparison, the contributing reason may be limited number of Indian brands into each category. As far as pricing is concerned no(prenominal) of the outlets satisfied the consumers expectation.It brings out the fact that price structure is too high. here opportunity lies with ethnicity store to discriminate pricing strategy to get competitive edge over other formats. It might be feasible to explicate the pricing strategy du e to nationalized brands. Suggestions Major Findings Ethnicity is indeed a subversive move towards consumers ethnocentrism. National players have also joined hands with the big retailer and accepted the opportunity to address the mass market. Thus it has contributed to a greater extent in providing a wider platform to small retailer of India.Further is has contributed towards generating awareness of ethnic products and brands of allover India which were not noticed by the consumers and importance was not realized by consumers. It is an absolutely unique feigning into organized retail formats. Everything starting from atmospherics to collection of brands, merchandise display and packaging is uniquely positioned with the nationalized theme. It provides a feel-good factor and thrilling experience to the consumers. Consumers are getting attracted by the theme and getting exposed and penetrated by ethnic products. Today consumers look for fashionable clothes.National brands wh ich were not recognized earlier, have provided a platform of fashion to explore Consumers are highly satisfied with Raja Market offerings followed by Rani market and thoda aur market. Fusion wear, Mix & Match, Jodhpuri,Kurtas, Chudidars, Mojaris and fragrances ,candles and incense are able to get preference of people. Aroma therapy is able to get good welcome form the consumers. Ethnic designs are getting acceptance in the form of novelty. In all this innovative concept well applauded by consumers as they are getting exposed to all the variety and designs of products of all the corners of India under one roof. More Indian retailers should be motivated to provide huge collection of ethnic products in the categories of mens wear and womens wear to provide more varieties. There is a study to increase the range of aroma therapy offerings to increase the awareness and consumption. Fragrances, candles and incense offerings have brought Indian values back in the preferences. This has sh owcased a very good business potential as a whole. There is a destiny to provide more and more offerings into the segment with more and more varieties. authorization revolutions into existing format of ethnicity for India. Format can be spread out by introducing specialties of major states/cities of India Rajasthan market Art & craft Jamnagar market-Bandhani Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) Bangalore -Silk garments Chennai- Pearl jewellery Kerala market-Spices Format can be expanded by introducing specialty fodder of major states/cities of India it may help to give a back shift to the consumer trend which is moving towards western food Gujarati food Punjabi food federation Indian food Rajasthani food conjugation Indian food Kathiyawadi food Potential revolutions into existing format of ethnicity for other countries.It has been witnessed that countries are getting specialized into technological innovations but spread of such innovations into the same continent refl ects questionable behavior of consumers. Many a quantify it is because of lack of awareness. Such type of format may provide a common platform to explore the small innovative products at consumer end E. g. European countries.Fashion based Ethnicity- As fashion industry is one of the major growing industries in Europe, all fashion educational activitys can be displayed under one platform Fashion statement of Italy Fashion statement of France Fashion statement of United kingdom Technology based ethnicity- skillful Research& innovation driven countries, all innovations can be displayed under one platform Big to small innovative products of Finland. Big to small innovative products of Germany IT & Renewable technology based products from Sweden Electric technology innovations of Netherland E. g. Asian Countries 11 Technology based ethnicity Robotic technology based innovative small to big products from South Korea & Japan References Crysdale and Bettie, 1973, Retrieved from, h ttp// www. manifolddatamining. com / hypertext mark-up language /products/ ethnicmarketing. htm on 15/02/2012 Anuradha Shukla, Ethnic wear market booms in India retrieved from http//wonderwoman. intoday.In/ story/ethnic-wear-market-booms-in-india/1/ 88440. html http//indiatoday. intoday. in/story/ethnic-wear-marketto-grow/1/124981. html retrieved on 06/02/2012 koregaonparkplaza, pune (2011) retrieved from http// w w w. k o r e g a o n p a r k p l a z a . c o m / s t o r s details. asp? id=77&catid=1&st=1 retrieved on 06/ 02/2012 Runul Vashistha, (2009) retrieved from http// www. indiar et a iling. com/ R et ailC oncep t _ details. aspx? Id=58 retrieved on 02/02/2012 Pooja nair, (2009). retrieved from http//ahmedabad. metromela. com/Lamps+and+ethnic+ wear+at+.Ethnicity/article/3183 retrieved on 15/02/2012 Shailesh Shah, (2012). Ethnicity Towards organising ethnic retail, retrieved from http // www. indiaretailing. com/organising-ethnicretail. asp retrieved on 02/02/2012 http//www. pa ntaloonretail. in/pdf/ethnicity_karigari. pdf Reference Book Jr. Churchill sarin A. , Lacobucci Dawn, Israel D. , (2009),Marketing Research- A South Asian Perspective, India Edition, Delhi Cencage Learning. Additional secular Leaflet circulated at ethnicity store 12 Glossary Attar A fragrant of essential oil typically made from rose petals Ayurvedic It is a Hindu system of traditional medicine native to India and a form of alternative medicine.Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inbuilt principles of nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individuals body, mind and spirit in stainless equilibrium with nature Bandhani A process of patterning cloth by tie- soiling in which the design is reserved on the undyed cloth by secure small spots very tightly with thread to protect them from the dye especially popular in Rajasthan and India Chappal An item of Indian footwear, similar to a flipflop with a toe strap Chota (India market) Younger, junior chi ld related products.Pacific Business Review International Kundan Jewellery Kundan is a traditional Indian gemstone jewelry, a method of gem setting in a jewellery piece, consisting of inserting gold foil between the stones and its mount, usually used to create elaborate necklaces believed to have originate in royal courts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is the oldest form of jewellery made and wear in India Kurta A knee-length, collarless shirt worn over pajamas by men in India Mojaris A style of South Asian handcrafted footwear mostly using vegetable-tanned leatherproduced in India Organized retailOrganized retail has been defined as a network of in addition branded stores with an element of self service Raja (Market) A prince, chief, or ruler related products in India Rani (Market) Indian princess related products Ethnicity Ethnicity implies common customs, values, and attitudes within a group of people who are bound by a common cultural identification Saree a dress worn primarily by Hindu women consists of several yards of light strong that is draped around the body Ethnic groupsA group of people who share a common descent, a sense of collective identity and usually a shared cultural heritage and tradition Sona-chandi (market)-Gold & currency related products/jewellery Ethnic Marketing Ethnic marketing is an important aspect of lifestyle marketing, a strategy that tailors a companys products and services towards the customers lifestyles Ghar -aangan (market)Home decoration related products HandicraftItems made by hand, often with the use of simple tools, and are for the most part artistic and/or traditional in nature . They are the objects of service program and objects of decoration. Incense stick It is composed of aromatic biotic materials, which release fragrant smoke when burned Thoda aur (market) somewhat more than the existing here in the context of more than the regular offerings.