Strengthsquest My Five Strengths English Language Essay

Strengthsquest My Five Strengths English Language EssayStrengthsQuest is an activity that wad can do to take in emerge the five dollar bill major qualities that they posses. This process involves taking a visitation that requires you to answer questions corresponding, Would you ratheror? And I am more likely tothan Answering these questions gives the StrengthsQuest program attainment to determine what a persons top five themes argon and also provides you with a description of each of the characteristics. some possible products of finding out your strengths might let in higher aims of engagement in the learning process, learning to take the perspective of others who atomic number 18 real several(predicate) from adeptself, higher levels of academic achievement, ability to run into an aw atomic number 18 course choice, or the development of leadership (Schreiner). I agree with Schreiner because once a person knows what their strengths are and what they could possibly d o with the rest of their lives, they could really claim started on a successful path. Another microscope stage that she menti whizd was that by using this tool, it could help a person to make an informed career decision. This is a very good point because students with an undecided major may wish sightly a little excitant near what would be right for them, and by doing the StrengthsQuest test they could find what they are really good at and what career pathway would work best for their personality. When I took this SrengthsQuest test, I was very pleased with the results that I received. My five themes turned out to be includer, restorative, colloquy, woo, and empathy. In the future, I want to become a alveolar hygienist and I trust that my five strengths are exit to help me be very successful in my career choice.ThemesIncluder. By the definition of StrengthsQuest, being an includer means, Stretch the circle wider. This is the philosophy nigh which you orient your life. You want to include lot and make them impression part of the group. In direct contrast to those who are drawn however to exclusive groups, you actively avoid those groups that exclude others. You want to expand the group so that as many an(prenominal) large number as possible can benefit from its support. You hate the sight of someone on the alfresco looking in, you want to draw them in so that they can feel the warmth of the group. You are an instinctively accepting person. Regard slight of race or sex or nationality or personality or faith, you upchuck few judgments. Judgments can hurt a persons judgements. Why do that if you dont fuck off to? Your accepting nature does not necessarily rest on a belief that each of us is different and that one should paying concern these differences. Rather, it rests on your conviction that fundamentally we are all the same. We are all equally important. Thus, no one should be ignored. Each of us should be included (StrenthsQuest). This des cription of an includer sounds like the kind of person I am. I am everlastingly volitioning to let other people in on what is breathing out on in my life and I feel like this is an important attri excepte for being a dental hygienist. Dental hygienists requisite to welcome an interest in working with people and working as a member of a team (alis.alberta.ca, 2007). For example, if you find that there is some topic seriously wrong with a childs tooth or mouth when you are working on them, it is important for the dental hygienist to be able to include the guardian of the child and your boss with what is going on. The best option is to include the people around you to find out what is best to do in a situation like this. If you are a person who does not like to include people with what is going on around you, and would rather try to fix it yourself, you could get yourself into trouble by not attempting the right procedure to fix the problem with the childs mouth. This could cost you your job, so you need to include your boss to receive a second opinion. Being an includer as helped me in the past by everlastingly bringing in brisk faces to my group of friends. By doing this, I harbour always had a new perspective on what people recollect or feel. This has helped me bring new ideas to the table, which has made me fetch what I really stand for. This has also helped me make authorized I am doing the right thing by getting other peoples advice to see what I should do in a serious situation, like I will in my career pathway. If something is needing to be done that is serious enough to hurt my patients health, or my career, I will always ask the patient, patients guardian, or my boss. I feel like I recieved my includer feature from my mother. She always told me to never leave anyone out, and in the long run it is paying off.Restorative. This was my second result from StrengthsQuest. harmonise to StrenghtsQuest restorative means, you revere to solve proble ms. Whereas some are dismayed when they ecounter yet another breakdown, you can be energized by it. You enjoy the challenge of analyzing the symptoms, identifying what is wrong, and finding the solution. You may prefer practical problems or conceptual ones or personal ones. You may seek out specific kinds of problems that you have met many times before and that you are confident you can fix. Or you may feel the greatest push when faced with complex and unfamiliar with(predicate) problems. Your exact preferences are determined by your other themes and experiences. But what is certain is that you enjoy bringing things support to life. It is a wonderful feeling to identify the undermining factors, eradicate them, and restore something to its true glory. Intuitively, you know that without your intervention, this machine, this technique, this person, this company-might have ceased to function. You stubborn it, resuscitated it, rekindled its vitality. Phrasing it the way you might, you saved it (StrengthsQuest). I would consider myself a restorative because I have never enjoyed conflict. Whenever I see someone or a group of friends fighting, I always love to steadiness the problem by babble outing it out with both sides of the situation. Dental hygienists also need to have the ability to work with people (mhcc.edu, 2010). With my ability to work with people and solve their problems, I can declaration problems in the office. If a fellow employee is discussing some issues that they are having with someone in the office, I will feel like it is my duty to resolve the problems that they are having. I know that other people may think that it is none of my business, but I like to resolve problems. I will feel like I have to solve the issue in order to work in a peaceful working environment. Being a restorative has helped me in the past by almost never having conflict in my group of friends and devising my life more demonstrable. I remember I was always being the one to resolve the problems, and I feel like this has helped me out in my past by always having a positive feeling around me so I could concentrate on what I really valued to achieve. The source for me being a restorative would be myself. I have always felt the need to never have negativity around me so I would always make the initiative to resolve problems.Communication. My number three strength is communication. According to strengthsquest, this is what it means. You like to explain, to describe, to host, to speak in public, and to write. This is your communication theme at work. Ideas are a dry beginning. Events are static. You feel a need to bring them to life, to energize them, to make them exciting and vivid. And so you turn events into stories and practice make outing them you take the dry idea and enliven it with images and examples and metaphors. You believe that most people have a very short attention span. They are bombarded by information, but very little of it survives. You want your information-whether an idea, an event, a products features and benefits, a discovery, or a lesson-to survive. You want to divert their attention toward you and then capture it, lock it in. this is what drives your hunt for the perfect phrase. This is what draws you toward dramatic words and powerful word combinations. This is why people like to listen to you. Your word pictures pique their interest, sharpen their world, and inspire them to act (StrengthsQuest). Communication has always been the key in my life. I have always believed that the best way to work things out is to talk it out. Communication is going to be a positive attribute when I am a dental hygienist. Excellent verbal and non-verbal communication skills are required for being a dental hygienist (alis.alberta.ca). I am going to need to be able to talk to my boss, co-workers, and my patients. Not only am I going to have to talk to them, but I am going to need to be on their level of communication, and my s trength in communication will make me very successful in this category. As a dental hygienist, you should possess strong interpersonal skills because you will be working with patients on a logical basis (dhschools.com). Communication has helped me get through every aspect in my life. Through my good communication skills, I could always ask people questions if I didnt know the correct one, I could get on a persons level and become better friends with them, and I always got along with my parents because I would always tell them what was really going on in my head. Like being an includer, my mom also has also always taught me to communicate with the people around me so there is less unknown and more known. Communication will be my key to success in my dental hygiene career. speak to. Woo is my fourth outcome of my StrengthsQuest test. Woo stands for winning others over. You enjoy the challenge of pertaining new people and getting them to like you. Strangers are seldom intimidating to you. On the contrary, strangers can be energizing. You are drawn to them. You want to learn their names, ask them questions, and find some area of common interest so that you can strike up a communication and build rapport. Not only are you rarely at a loss for words you actually enjoy initiating with strangers because you derive satisfaction from breaking the ice and making a connection. Once that connection is made, you are quite happy to wrap it up and move on. There are new people to meet, new rooms to work, new crowds to mingle in. in your world there are no strangers, only friends you havent meet yet-lots of them (StrengthsQuest). Woo is an important attribute to posses in a field that I chose. It is important to make sure that people like you at your job, from your boss to your patients. If you are rude to the people you are around at your job, you could bring down the business of the place because people do not like to be around rude people. Wanting to be liked is a very good quality to have if you proclivity to become a dental hygienist. With the attribute of wanting to get to know people and more about them, you could really create great relationships with your patients. By doing this, your patients could tell their friends or family about how friendly and comfortable you have made them, and that could bring more business to the office. I have always enjoyed meeting new people and getting them to like me, and I feel this will be a very positive feature for me to have for my future.Empathy. My last result is empathy. Empathy isyou can sense the emotions of those around you. You can feel what they are feeling as though their feelings are your own. Intuitively, you are able to see the world through their eyes and dispense their perspective. You do not necessarily agree with each persons perspective. You do not necessarily condone the choices each person makes, but you do pick up. This instinctive ability to understand is powerful. You hear the un voiced questions. You anticipate the need. Where others rassling for words, you seem to find the right words and the right tone. You help people find the right phrases to evoke their feelings-to themselves as considerably to others. You help them give voice to their emotional life. For all these reasons, other people are drawn to you (StrengthsQuest). Empathy is a positive characteristic to have when dealing with patients who might be nervous or scared about coming to the dentist. A dental hygienist should also be caring and compassionate, as well as hard working (dhschools.com). By being able to put yourself in their shoes, you can understand why your patient might be scared, and try to make them understand the process. This might make them less afraid. I consider myself to be very caring and understanding when people talk to me about their problems, and when this happens in my career I feel like I can be successful in making my patients feel more comfortable with going to the d entist office.ConclusionStrenghtsQuest is a great way for people to find out what their strengths are. Sometimes people do not realize what strong qualities that they possess, so just pointing them out can have a great affect on them. Some positive outcomes include higher levels of engagement in the learning process, learning to take the perspective of others who are very different from oneself, higher levels of academic achievement, ability to make an informed career choice, or the development of leadership (Schreiner). Strengthsquest has change my top five strengths to be includer, restorative, communication, woo, and empathy. All of these characteristics have helped me in a positive way passim my life so far and I believe that all of these attributes will have a positive influence on my career as being a dental hygienist, also.

Strategies for Breaking Wireless Protocols

Strategies for Breaking receiving set communications protocolsCHAPTER 1 devilion1.1 Background give outing of radio receiver Net melt is a result of a research Project carried issue by University of Hawaii. Initi e rattling(prenominal)y its c completelyed as Aloha net, but later it purposed to call as radio set Local bea Ne twork or wireless fidelity. At the beginning of aloha net, is capable of slayring 1 to 2 mbps selective information. but oer the last a few(prenominal)er years aloha net changed to wireless local area network and it came with so numerous enhancements to the sign technology.Newer days, radiocommunication lucres become to a greater extent popular than the wired net incomes. The main reason for this is, radiocommunication meshs ar high in portability and the flexibility, increased productivity, and lower installation cost. receiving set Network Devices let utilisationrs to move their laptops from angiotensin-converting enzyme place to an other without warring advantageously-nigh their mesh topology joinivity. Minimizing the wiring gives the maximum flexibility over the network and it reduces the wiring cost for the only(prenominal) network infrastructure.However, when we comparing the credentials factor, wireless networks are to a greater extent compromising to attack by outsider than the wired network. Main reason for this is, some(prenominal)one terminate see and wreak the initial connection by the wireless network. But establishing the initial connection in a wired network is bit difficult than the wireless network.Loss of confidentiality like rallying cry cracking and man in the mediate attacks are typically associated with wireless networks. Some other mode, this bod of attack can comfortably action in wireless Networks rather than the wired network.Even though a wireless network has this kind of problems, its not a failed concept. The main reason for that is we can treasure a wireless network in maximum and make invincible from unauthorised affairrs or attackers.Configuring the wireless devices correctly and accurately can minimise the attacks. We are tone ending to treat about this topic in future.1.2 ObjectivesBreaking wireless protocols is the main verifiable in this project. Mostly the WEP, WPA and WPA2 will be my major preference. So the polish of this research is break the wireless protocol and get selective information from the wireless devices and the network.1.2.1 Comparison of Hacking Tools Available. there are lots of tools that can use to hack a wireless protocol. Some of the tools are very user friendly. We can install it on our Windows Based Systems and it does our work very easily. Those tools are ascorbic acid% Graphical User Interface and very weak to use. AirCrack-ng Windows mutation is the common example.But Some Other tools are addressable we need to piddle several(prenominal) technical knowledge to use those tools. Mainly those tools run on command base mode and runnel platform is Linux. These tools do not suffer any graphical user Interface, and bit difficult to occur out without any proper guidance. But the last-place result is very accurate than the windows meter reading.The major difference betwixt these two types of tools are the package which runs on linux is more accurate than the Windows version. So I boast pertinacious to use Linux version hacking software system to harbor out my testing.But to hack a wireless network we need few of software to download from the internet. And so we can install those on a Linux tool and we can start the research. But, I think its very easy to use a one operate System rather than struggling with lots of softwares. So I decided to download latest version of worlds famous Hacking Operating System Back footmark. It has built in hacking tools that need to hack a wireless network.1.2.2 Downloading related software.Back Track is free to download, and its contribute so urce. whateverone can download Back Track from its developers web site www.backtrack-linux.org for free. So I have downloaded the latest version of Back Track v4 to carry out my research. We will discuss about BackTrack in further chapters.1.2.3 Cracking WEP Using AirCrack-ngIn order to crack a WEP parole, I have chosen few amazing tool. That is BackTrack 4 Hacking Operating System. It has all the hacking tools to crack a WEP Network. Airodump-ng can use to get the information about the wireless network and then I can use the Aircrack-ng to crack the password.1.2.4 Cracking WPA Using AirCrack-ngWe Can Use the same Process to Crack the WPA utilize AirCrack-ng. Same as in WEP I am going to use the Airodump-ng and Airoreply-ng to collect all the informations about the wireless Network and AirCrack-ng to decrypt the Password.1.2.5 Cracking WPA2 Using CowpattyIn here, I am going to use a special cracking Software to crack WPA2. The software is Cowpatty. Cowpatty bit different than Air crack-ng. And cowpatty specially designed to crack WPA and WPA2 Passwords.All these tools are built-in tools which we can find in the BackTrack4 Linux found operating system. So I dont need to download these softwares from the internet.1.3 Dissertation StructureThis corroboration mainly divided in to 4 Main Chapters. Including entire Practical and theoretical concepts.Chapter 1 footIn this section, I am going to give a introduction about what is wireless Network, Start of the Wireless Network and Basic Problems that wireless Networks faced. In the Second Section ex on the face of it about the whole Research objectives and aims.Chapter 02 Literature ReviewThis Chapter Consist all the theoretical informations relating to my research. In here I am discussing about wireless Networks and its Types, Wireless Network Devices, Security Methods that WLAN Uses, WLAN Security Protocols, Deep intervention about WEP, WPA and WPA2, Protocol Hacking tools like Air Crack-ng, Cowpatty, and Hacki ng Methods that use by the Hacking tools. Eg Dictionary Attacks, Brute Force Attacks etc.Chapter 03 MethodologyIn here, I am going to show my Practical Work that I have done all over my research. Installing the Hacking OS, Use of Hacking tools, Problems Faced all over the project and the final results will be my main concerns.Chapter 04 Result and DiscussionsIn this section I am comparing all the results I have gain all over my project.Chapter 05 ConclusionsThis Chapter will be my conclusions of the Research. In here i am planning to compare my final result and the objectives in my initial project proposal.CHAPTER 02 Literature persuasion2.1 Wireless NetworksWireless Networks enables to communicate devices without any physical media. These Networks are divided to three main categories match to their communication level. Those are, Wireless Local Area Network, Wireless Wide Area Network, Wireless Personnel Area Network.Wireless Wide Area Network has larger coverage than the WLAN and WPAN. WWAN uses 2G or 3G Cell re piece Networks to connect each and every device in the network. WLAN represents local area network that connected using wireless access point or a wireless router includes 802.11. WPAN is a small network topology. This includes Bluetooth and Infrared technologies.2.1.1 Wireless Local Area NetworksAs I Mentioned earlier, Wireless LANs has more portability and flexibility over traditional Wires Local Area Networks. In WLAN, All the Computers and other devices connect to each other using Wireless addition Points also called as APs. And Access points communicated with the Wireless Network Adaptors that fixed in to computers. Access Points commonly has coverage are up to 75-100 meters. In that area users can move their laptops and other wireless devices tour maintaining their network connections. We can connect access points together and expand the wireless LANs coverage.In my thesis, I am going to discuss more about wireless LAN in further chapt ers.2.1.2 Wireless Wide Area NetworksThis is the virtually familiar wireless Network type for everyone. This networks are Combinations of few WLANs. In these networks, Antennas acts as the access point for all WLANs. There are connections mingled with Antennas to Antennas, to expand the overhaul of the network. quick Phone Networks also a good example for WWAN Networks.2.1.3 Wireless Personnel Area NetworksThese Networks are so smaller when comparing to the other networks. It does not give much coverage as other 2 network type we discuss earlier. And this network does not require Main Access Point to make the connection with other WPAN Devices. Source WPAN device directly connect to the other WPAN device when its needs to transfer selective information.2.2 Wireless Local Area NetworksThis is the most important topic of my thesis. We are going to discuss about this topic all over the project. As I mentioned in my objectives I am going to crumple the security of WLAN and Break few of WLAN Protocols. Before that we need to get a crown Idea about What is WLAN? and How it operates?WLAN is same as the wired Local Area Network. But the only difference is, its using wireless method to connect all devices. WLAN combined with the thickening Station and the Wireless Access point.The Client Station connects to the AP (Access point) using the wireless Network Adaptor. We can connect the wireless adaptor to the computer using Personal Computer Memory Card International (PCMCIA) slot or using the USB Port.IEEE 802.11 is the Standard of WLAN technology. The coverage of the Wireless network totally relay on the Strength of the Wireless Access Point. Normally its can covers up to 75-100 meters circular area.2.2.1 Architecture of 802.11 StandardsThis architecture allows initiating a peer to peer connection between Client Station and the wireless Network based on access point in an infrastructure network (WLAN). The coverage area of an access point called as a Cell. A Cell also called as Basic Service Set (BSS). The assembly other cells of the infrastructure network called as Extended Service Set (ESS).Any access point that work with 802.11 standards has this 2 entropy sets for their functionality.BSS is the most important data set in the Access point. BSS contain all the information about wireless Network. This is the security cite negotiation protocol of the Access point. BSS consist of APs computer hardware name, Communication protocol informations, Signal strength etc.The Access Point identify in the WLAN using a specific identifier. This is called as Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID). When Laptop or any other wireless device needs to connect to wireless network via access point, the guest institutionalise (Eg Laptop) searches for the available access points in the area by releasing discovery packets. If there any access points available, APs respond to the guest invest by sending the BSSID.Normally BSSID is in a Human exonerated format . BSSID also called as AP Name or Router Name by Technical soulals. This identifier always represents a specialized Access point. Likewise each and every access point of the network has its own BSSID.NOTEBSSID is very important to accomplish my main objective of the project. We need to retrieve the routers BSSID before we crack the routers password. We can discuss about the retrieving methods in future chapters.2.2.2 Advantages of WLANsFollowing are the advantages.Increased Mobility- Users can be mobile part accessing to all the network resources.Fast Installation Installation of the network is very quick since there no adding wires like wired network.Flexibility anyone can easily install and uninstall a small wireless Network.2.2.3 Wireless Protocols Use in Wireless NetworksThere are 3 main wireless protocols use by the 802.11x wireless networks. Those are,Wired Equivalent occultivenessThis Protocol primarily protect the WLAN uses being a victim from eavesdropping. WEP uses 64 bit RC4 key to generate encrypted data and then those encrypted data transferred over the network.Wi-Fi defend Access This is introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance to overcome certain restrictions in WEP. This uses Temporal Key equity Protocol (TKIP) to encrypt the wireless data packets.Wi-Fi Protected Access Version 2 This is the latest movement in wireless LAN Protocols. Only the Difference is WPA 2 introduces sensitive AES algorithm to be much more ensure than the WPA.These 3 protocols widely using in wireless Networks. Every protocol has significant advantages and disadvantages. In the next chapter I am going to illustrate gets, advantages and disadvantages of each and every protocol.2.2.4 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)WEP is an earmark protocol that use in 802.11 wireless networks to secure all the transmittal data. This protocol introduced in 1997 and main intention was increasing the confidentiality of the data than wired network. Any wireless network that uses WEP encr ypt the data packets using RC4 cipher stream generated by a 64 bit RC4 key.IEEE 802.11 has few basic features when it comes to Security. These concerns put up a better security for the wireless environment. This all security elements embedded in to the wireless network protocols. Following are the basic security concerns in a wireless Network. stylemarkThis is the main goal of the wireless protocols. This means identifying the Client Station by using a password. If any client station failed to comply with this requirement the AP will deny giving the access to the Client Station.IntegrityIn here, the data should not be changed while it transmitting from the AP and/or to the AP. That mean those data should not be a victim of active attack.Confidentialityin this goal, the Protocol should protect the security of all data elements that transmit. In other word, the data should not be a victim of passive attacks.2.2.4.1 stylemark802.11 Networks have 2 kinds of hallmark methods. straig ht-from-the-shoulder System corroboration and Shared Key stylemark.802.11 AuthenticationOpen System AuthenticationShared Key AuthenticationAny Client Station can join The Station should try theTo the network without authentication Network password in order to joinNetworkIn Open system authentication does not use any cryptographic password to gain access to the network. Any client station can connect to the network and use the network resources. As an example, Internet facilitys in a public locations like Air Port or a Bus Station. In these places anyone can connect their Laptop or PDAs to the Wireless Access Point and start browse the internet. No Password required at all to login to the network.In open system method, the client station sends its MAC send for just as a reference to the Access point. whence the AP makes that client as a member of that APs network. The major problem with this authentication mode is its vulnerable to attack.Shared key authentication is password ba sed authentication model. The client must have the password to make the connection with AP. when client made a request to the AP that asking the connection, the AP generate a repugn and send it to the client station. If the client station responds to that challenge correctly AP gives the permission to be a member of wireless network. Figure 2.7 give the clear thought about the Shared Key authentication.Authentication RequestChallengeResponseConfirm the Result2.2.4.2 Integrity802.11 Standards also concerns about the uprightness of the data transmitted. This always checks the data content whether it got changed while happening the transmitting process. It uses Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) approach to check the content of data. formerly the CRC completed those data encrypted by using the RC4 key Stream. On the receiving end, data will be decrypted and again check for CRC to check the truth of the data. If the receiving end CRC value does not match with the initial CRC value the d ata will be rejected and retransmitting will be required.WEP Uses an algorithm called Stream Cipher to encrypt all the data. It expand on the spur of the moment version of key in to a random key stream. The sender encrypts the Plain text on with the bunco key and creates the cipher text. In the receiver end has the same short key to decrypt the data. Once the data stream received by the recipient, it uses the short key to generates cipher text back to plain text.If one data bit lost on its way to the goal, the decryption process will direct the data in to incorrect information. To prevent this problem WEP has Cyclic Redundancy Check to keep up the essence Integrity correctly.2.2.4.3 Privacy802.11 standards use cryptographic techniques to concord Privacy. It uses RC4 Symmetric Keys to protect the data. Normally 802.11 standards support different cryptographic key lengths to protect the data from a attack.Generally, WEP supports 40 bit cryptographic key size for the shared key. But numerous vendors support different key sizes like 104 bits and 128 bits. Increasing the key size increases the security of the cryptographic technique.2.2.4.4 Problems with WEPEven though WEP has so many security measurements to protect the transmitting data, it has few failures. These failures make the way, an attacker to break the security of WEP and lost the Integrity and privacy of the transmitting data using WEP.2.2.4.4.1 Shared WEP KeyWEP Uses single security key to Access the network. So this key should be distributed to all the users who access the network. So this security key might go to an attacker very easily who trying to get the access to the network.2.2.4.4.2 WEP Key SizeAs I mentioned earlier, WEP uses 40 bit cryptologic Key Size. This key can be crack very easily regardless of the time. So the encoding key is not sufficient to provide a better security for data.2.2.5 Wi-Fi Protected AccessThis is a WLAN protocol created by the Wi-Fi alliance. This is created because of several weakness of the WEP Protocol. WPA has some advanced features when comparing with WEP. To get the optimum performance from the WPA,The WPA protocol implements the majority of the IEEE 802.11i standard, and was intended as an intermediate measure to take the place of WEP while 802.11i was prepared. Specifically, the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), was brought into WPA. TKIP could be implemented on pre-WPA wireless network larboard cards that began shipping as far back as 1999 through firmware upgrades. Because the changes required few modifications on the client than on the wireless access point, most pre-2003 APs could not be upgraded to support WPA with TKIP. Researchers have since discovered a flaw in TKIP that relied on older weaknesses to retrieve the key stream from short packets to use for re-injection and spoofing. wiki/WPA2.2.5.1 Features of WPAWPA uses Temporal Key Management (TKIP) as its Key encryption system. WPA does, Data Encryption and und erstanding based on TKIP technology. It uses 128 bits for encryption using RC4 cipher.2.2.5.2 Temporal Key ManagementTKIP on with the WPA has introduced three security features to overcome some security issues that come with WEP networks. TKIP mixing the security key with the initialization vector before it pass it to the cipher routine. In our case TKIP uses RC4 as the cipher. This method avoids certain kind of key attacks that came along with WEP. And then, WPA protects the data packets against reply attacks by implementing a sequence counter to the data stream. Finally its implements a cognitive content integrity check called MIC to check the consistency of the data stream.As i mentioned earlier, TKIP uses Rivest Cipher 4 (RC 4) as its cipher. Rekeying, also an important feature of TKIP. And the most important feature is TKIP always ensure to send data with a Unique Encryption key.But in certain situations it uses same mechanism like WEP. So TKIP also vulnerable to some kind of attacks which WEP faces. Any how the advance development of cognitive content Integrity Check, isolate Key Hashing on every packet, Sequence Counter prevents those attacks successfully.The Best thing is TKIP resolving most of the problems came along with the WEP. The next section discuss about that.2.2.5.3 Michael Message Integrity CodeUnlike WEP, WPA uses special feature to check the integrity of the transmitted message. This is called as Message Integrity Code (MIC). This is also called as Michel. This is a short cryptographic checksum that use to demonstrate a message. This is also known as Message Authentication Code (MAC).This is a 64 bit algorithm that controls several types of attacks like, Splicing Attacks, Payload Truncation, and Fragmentation Attacks.2.2.5.3 extensile Authentication Protocol (EAP)EAP is an Authentication Method that widely use in wireless networks. This is not specifically designed for wireless networks. This can be use to authentication in wired netw ork as well.EAP use to transmit the packets containing Authentication informations. WPA and WPA2 Networks supports 5 EAP Authentication Mechanisms as it Authentication Standards. Those are, EAP-TLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, PEAP, restrict.2.2.5.3.1 EAP-TLSEAP-Transport Layer Security is well known among Protocol for wireless communication. TLS provide very strong confidentiality for the User Credentials. This uses PKI to secure the communication between the AP and the RADIUS Server.EAP-TLS is the original, standard wireless LAN EAP authentication protocol. Although it is rarely deployed, it is still considered one of the most secure EAP standards available and is universally supported by all manufacturers of wireless LAN hardware and software. Wiki/EAPA compromised password is not enough to break into EAP-TLS enabled systems because the hacker still needs to have the client-side mysterious key. The highest security available is when client-side keys are ho employ in smart cards. This is because there is no way to steal a certificates corresponding private key from a smart card without stealing the card itself. Wiki/EAP2.2.5.3.2 EAP-SIMEAP for Subscriber Identity Module utilize for authentication and Session key distribution using the Global System for spry Communication (GSM) SIM. Wiki/EAP2.2.5.3.3 EAP-AKAEAP for Authentication and Key Management Agreement is used for Authentication and session key distributing using the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). wiki / EAP2.2.5.3.4 PEAPPEAPis a joint proposal by lake herring Systems, Microsoft and RSA Security as an open standard. It is already widely available in products, and provides very good security. It is similar in design to EAP-TTLS, requiring only a legion-side PKI certificate to create a secure TLS tunnel to protect user authentication. Wiki/EAPThere were two PEAP gunman-types certified for the updated WPA and WPA2 standard. They arePEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2PEAPv1/EAP-GTCThe terms PEAPv0 and PEAPv1 refer to the outer authentication method, the mechanism that creates the secure TLS tunnel to protect subsequent authentication transactions. EAP-MSCHAPv2, EAP-GTC, and EAP-SIM refer to the inner authentication method which facilitates user or device authentication. Wiki/EAP2.2.5.3.5 LEAPThe Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP)A proprietary EAP method developed by Cisco Systems prior to the IEEE ratification of the 802.11i security standard. Wiki/EAPLEAP uses a modified version of MS-CHAP, an authentication protocol in which user credentials are not strongly protected and are thus easily compromised. along these lines, an exploit tool called ASLEAP. wiki/EAP2.2.6 Wi-Fi Protected Access 2WPA 2 implements IEEE 802.11i standards same as the WPA. WPA 2 supports go Encryption Standards as the encryption cipher. This is an encryption standard that implement by US Government. 3 hold of ciphers available in the AES. Those are AES 128, AES 192, and AES 256.In WPA2, Advanc ed Encryption Standards using counter Mode-Cipher Block Channing to provide the high confidentiality to the data. MicrosoftWPA2 architecture must contain following network components to provide better security to the network. An Authentication Server to authenticate the users, Robust Security Network to maintain the pathways of associations, and AES based methodology to provide the privacy, integrity and authentication.The authentication server holds all the user name and passwords of the users of wireless network.When a user wants to connect to a network that uses WPA, The User must provide His / her identical user name and password when the network asks for it. Then the AP sends that informations to the Authentication server to verify the validity of the user to access network resources. Once the authentication server gave a positive feedback, the user allows connecting to the network otherwise the request will be discarded.2.2.6.1 The Four way bowl over ShakeThe Authentication P rocess has 2 Parts, the access point (AP) still needs to authenticate itself to the client station (STA), and keys to encrypt the traffic need to be derived. The earlier EAP exchange has provided the shared secret key PMK (Pair wise Master Key). This key is, however, designed to last the entire session and should be unresolved as little as possible. 1Therefore the four-way tremble is used to establish another key called the PTK (Pairwise perfunctory Key). The PTK is generated by concatenating the following attributes PMK, AP nonce (ANonce), STA nonce (SNonce), AP MAC address, and STA MAC address. The product is then put through a cryptographic hash function. 1The handshake also yields the GTK (Group Temporal Key), used to decrypt multicast and broadcast traffic. The veridical messages exchanged during the handshake are depicted in the figure and explained below 12.2.6.2 Group Key Hand ShakeThe GTK used in the network may need to be updated due to the expiry of a preset timer. Wh en a device leaves the network, the GTK also needs to be updated. This is to prevent the device from receiving any more multicast or broadcast messages from the AP. 2To handle the updating, 802.11i defines a Group Key Handshake that consists of a two-way handshake 2The AP sends the new GTK to each STA in the network. The GTK is encrypted using the KEK assigned to that STA and protects the data from being tampered using a MIC. The STA acknowledges the new GTK and replies to the AP. 22.3 Differences between WEP, WPA and WPA22.3.1 Encryption MethodsWEP uses only one encryption method for the whole network, but in WPA, encryptions are dedicated for every user. One user has its own encryption method.2.3.2 AuthenticationIn WEP Authentication, it uses Open or Shared key authentication method. In WPA operates on Pre-Shared Key Method. As well as WPA uses an authentication server to validate the user and it using EAP to send all the informations to the Server. But WEP does not use any authen tication server.2.3.3 Security Protocols and Key StreamsWEP uses WEP as their Security protocol. This is a primary wireless protocol that has few loop hols for attackers, in WPA use Temporal Key Integrity Management as the security protocol. WPA 2 uses bit advanced security protocol than both of the WEP and WPA. It uses Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP).WPA and WEP both use Rivest Cipher 4 as their cipher, but WPA 2 uses Advanced Encryption Standards. WEP uses 40 and 104 bits key length for the encryption key. WPA use 128 bit for the encryption and 64 bit for the Authentication. WPA2 uses 128 bit key streams for the both Encryption and the authentication.2.3.4 Data Integrity and Key GenerationWEP use Cyclic Redundancy Check 32 bit Method to check the Integrity of the data. WPA use Michael Message Integrity Code to check the integrity of data. WPA2 has CBC-MAC for that operation.WEP does the key generation by using Concatenation. In W PA used Two phase mixing function (both TKIP and RC4). WPA2 doesnt require any key generation.2.4 Security Threats Associated with Wireless NetworksAs Discussed above, nowadays wireless networks become more popular than the wired networks. Many organisations including Commercial Companies, Hospitals, government offices and most of the houses use wireless networks to facilitate different services. But the problem is WLAN are not 100 percent protective from attacks. 802.11x networks are vulnerable to certain attacks. There are thousands of papers and reports available in the internet that describes those kinds of attacks and security threats to WLANs. These security threats mainly target on Confidentiality, Integrity and Network availability.WLAN attacks normally divide in to 2 types. Those are Active Attacks andPassive Attacks. Then those 2 main classes sub divided into types of attacks.2.4.1 Active AttacksActive attacks are the most dangerous attack type. In here, hacker or the unau thorised party gain access to the system and do the modifications to the system or the message transmitting. This end point a receiving an incorrect message stream or a file to the recipient. Active attacks result a loss of integrity of the network. Active attacks are possible to detect by using special software like packet monitors. But the problem associated with this kind of attacks are, its difficult to prevent these kinds of attacks.Active attacks can be sub categorised in to 4 Methods of attacking. Following explain those,2.4.1.1 MasqueradeIn here, Attacker imitates as an authorised user in the network and gains the access to the network. This kind of attacks can be happened in few ways. The first circumstance is authorised user give away the password to an unknown person or a group of people. So automatically they are possible to get access to the system.The other consideration is hacker can use some software pieces to collect the passwords or access keys of authorised user s. There are many methods to perform this kind of attack. Installing Key Board Activities Recording software is a very successful method to collect these kinds of informations.2.4.1.2 ReplyThe Attacker can monitor the transmissions of the source and endpoint machines and re transmit the informations as a legitimate user. So the attackers computer acts as the Source and destination accordingly, to get the actual source and Destinations informations.Reply attacks are offline attacks. The attacker first gathers all the data and then later decrypts that information. This informations could be users authentication session informations that carries WLAN password.2.4.1.3 Message ModificationIn here, attacker tries to metamorphose a particular message or informations. This could results a transmitting wrong informations to the legitimate user.2.4.1.3 Denial of ServiceThis is a very popular attack type and very easily does in a WLAN environment. The main goal of this attack is make the net work unavailable to the users. it generally consists of the concerted efforts of a person or people to prevent an Internet site or service from functioning efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely wiki. This attacks cause Loss of Network a

Importance Of Salesmanship In Carrying Out Duties

impressiveness Of salesmanship In Carrying Out DutiesFront desk job of e real hotel is very important from hotel sales point of view. merchandising and sales department is called tax income generator. Front desk job is part of the marketing department so its like a shot linked with r withalue generation activities of a hotel. An employee act asing as confront desk employee is having direct interaction with the invitees. So it becomes very important for that employee to go through all the chief characteristics of a high-priced sales re stateative.A good sales psyche nooky convert depression time lymph gland in to repeat melodic phrase lymph node by make him or happy and achieve lymph node satisfaction. This is the hospitality and customer demand solely that brush aside be kept in judicial decision while handling customers at front desk that entrust bring customer satisfaction. Desired hospitality and less cumbersome do work of plosive in and baulk pull up st akes bring customer satisfaction. Working as a Front office animal trainer or staff, first of all he or she should consider the ready(prenominal) resources of the hotel concerned which subscribe to to be rivet to the materialization of the business.Good salesmanship is all about selling own increase with credenza of the customers. Whatever product one have a good salesperson will sale that product and make looking to the customers that this is the right product he was looking for. This is simply quality of a sales person that he or she will understand out the bud set forth of a customer while conversation and set up the product that give deep down the budget feel to the customer. While conversation it is the quality of a salesperson to explain the facilities of the product to the customer that will again give feel of the right product customer was looking for. Abbey J.R (1998)Customer coincidenceship management is new concept in the field of any business. So it is the qu ality of a good salesmanship that helps in effective implementation and management of customer relationship in the hotel makeup. In this competitive world getting new business is big challenge so hotel presidency believes in repeated business from the same clientele. With the help of knowledge and smartness in work of a salesperson management of customer relationship is possible. These old age it is being managed by ecommerce so knowledge of ecommerce to the front desk employee can be added quality of a good salesmanship and it will bring the business from existing clientele.If an system utilizes the available resources tight-lacedly, Implementation of yield management will makes major changes in the hotel. It will bring supreme market shares of the city concerned. Guest cosmopolitanly invariably looks for the comfortable stay and the luxury facilities for their money. It is the quality that always speaks better than any other advertisement. So if front desk employee gives p roper feedback to the hotel, hotel can maintains the quality towards the tariff and the interiors which will bring the maximum revenue within a short period. So it is the attains of the good salesmanship. So as conclusion author would like to say that good salesmanship is very important while performing work of front office department of hotel industry beca custom it helps hotel not only to get good business exclusively maintaining relationship with customers and feedback to the hotel for up gradation of its quality of product and services as well.Q.1 (2) Explain, with standards what selling techniques you might use when chippinging in a guest.Overall selling technique is depends upon salesmanship and kind of guest but in general a front dest person has to apply his or her selling skill keeping in see normal procedure of noticein.Selling techniques for fractureing guest is nothing but quality of a good salesperson. A salesperson should be very fond and caring to the guest s o that customer will be satisfied. Sales person should use up sell technique first while explaining cost of the available styles, followed by prestigious pricing and cart track rate pricing. Along with these salesperson should explain how brilliant the facilities are within the means to justify the price of the room.There may be a case that same room can be sell at different price. It is the duty of a good salesperson to find out the train of desire of the customer for the product he or she is asking for and charge price accordingly. During heavy demand of the readjustment it is totally depends upon front desk employee-salesperson to maximize the yield of accommodation by selling the same product at different prices as per the customer profile and need. Being a good salesman a front office employee can suggest various pricing techniques-top down pricing, prestigious pricing, cut rate pricing etc, to the hotel to maximize its yield. So it is the quality of a salesperson to ide ntify and recognize the take of demand and ability of a customer to pay for the same accommodation and fixed the price accordingly. Abbey J.R (1998)For example if on that point is arrival of guest first of all front desk person should handle the guest with friendly approach, asking for the kind of room looking for then explain the kind of room available with its pricing. first of all of all salesperson should try to sell the room at higher price then depending upon the negotiation skill of the salesperson and budget of the customer price can be prestigious or if necessitate and supported by the market sentiment it can be cut rate price be fixed. After this negotiation skill guest should be registered and room should be assigned promptly. As per the locating if needed guest will be assisted in completing adaptation process. Then in that respect will be verification of method of payment to be do by the guest-whether cheque, cash, card or payment by company etc.will is known b y conversation and then on that point will be escort to the guest till the room.Q.2. Discuss the lawsuit of check in system that you would expect to natter at the turner Hotel.Hotel turner is a big chain of Hotel with 297 rooms hotel located in interchange London. It is part of a well reputed root word of hotels with 12 hotels running successfully in London and other major European cities. 42% of its clientele is corporate. Only 8% and 14% amount to walk-ins and leisure guests respectively. For this type of hotel, front office system should enable reception staff to maintain track of all books, accede of rooms, guest details and charges. It should be efficient in coordinating restaurant substitutes for guests, plan housekeeping duties and process guest check-in and check-out as per the market segmentation. Hotel Turner would also require a system that should generate a means to communicate effectively with all travel agents and activity operators linked to the online reser vation system.hospitality management systems are the applications/ modules that smoothens a hospitality business. From the room service system in a restaurant, to online reservation and an easy and fast check in procedure, it enables efficient communication and management of operation, eventually growing business and revenue. (www.wikianswers.com)Features that Hotel Turner should look out for includesReports for arrivals departures on a specific date.Guest ledger and reservation details, including activities and especial(a) requests.Room rates, discounts, package deals, group bookings, etc.Visual schematic of hotel rooms and status.Visual schematic of schedule with room availability.Facility for printing check-in cards for guests.Flexibility in re-assigning guests to different room.Facility to slow add charges to rooms from restaurants, spa, gift shop, etc.Incorporate all payment options upon check-out and print receipt.Print work roster for staff Facilities for storing guest hi storyCommunicate efficiently with reservation and travel agentsHotel Turner should have a system that can be efficiently used for online reservation system. This type of software package is essential as per the hotels cancellation and Guarantee policy. It will help in increasing direct online bookings instantly. Prospective guests can view hotel rooms (size, choice of beds), availability and prices, plus services and facilities offered. The systems should have instant confirmation of doctrine card payments or other secure online payment method. After payment of deposit and confirmation by email, guests should be able to login to view or change their reservation details. Cancellation policies should be stated, airport transport options mentioned.How would the check in procedures differ when dealing with?( a) A guest with a reservationUsually guest check in procedure for reserved guest and chance guest is same except for slight variations. scrap in procedures for a guest with a rese rvation will be as followsReceive the guest with a smile, and greet according to the time.Check if he/she is holding reservationGet the guest adaption card and fill it up with all the necessary and required details of the guest.Fill up the anchor and the welcome cardIf the guest is a foreigner, get the C form and fill it up.Allot the accommodationFill the arrival registerMake information slips and send them to telephones, room service and housekeeping all overt guest folioIn case of VIP, CIP etc inform all the departmentsLastly inform the bellboys to carry the luggage and escort the guest to the room and wish a comfortable stay in the hotel.Typically pre registered guests or guest with reservation only need to verify information collected by reservations agents during the reservations process. They only need to verify information already entered onto a enrolment card and provide a valid ghost in the appropriate place on the registration card. On the other hand, chance guest or walk in guest needs to fill the pre-registration card at the time of check in.Pre registration also involves room and rate assignment and creation of guest folio apart from producing registration card.The registration process can be divided into six stepsPre registration activityCreating the registration commemorateAssigning the room and the rateEstablishing method of paymentIssuing the room keyFulfilling the special requests(b) A chance guestIn the case when guest is a chance guest the process of check in would almost be same except some cases. Like as guest is a chance guest so there will be no earlier reservation through with(p) for the guest so in this case first of all as process front desk person should check for availability of rooms and there will be efforts to create room for him or her. oddment of the process like fill up the key and allotting the accommodation escorting till the room will be similar. There may be a case that in case of a chance guest a front desk empl oyee has to utilize his or her negotiation skill for the price of the room as per the level of need of the room by the guest. This is the skill of the employee to materialized the opportunities then and there. So overall the difference in check in procedures for a guest with a reservation and a chance guest is not often the only thing is role of a front desk person becomes very important because while negotiation and first interaction a materialization of an opportunity depends.Q.4. Explain the necessity of overbooking and its efficacious implications in relation to Turner Hotel.The term overbooking is concerned with a situation which shows booking of the room have done to a fault than the actual available room with the hotel. In general hotel does this because of reaching 100% occupancies. Hotel books over rooms than the available one with historic information and trend which includes unexpected cancellation. It is the synonyms of over commitment and oversold.No show has been a major cause of concern for the hotels worldwide. It amounts to major loss of revenue. However, no-shows and early departures tacit cost hotels money. The reservation fix through credit cards compensates hotels for one nights stay in the case of a no-show, but the hotel still needs to make up for a revenue loss if that no-show guest had a multiple-night reservation. (http//www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals)Because of this setting of no-shows and early departures, the hotel turner must unavoidably engage in some level of overbooking to help crack that those potentially unsold rooms are filled. As we all know, however, hoteliers who overbook might have to walk guests later on the hotel is full. (http//www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals)Overbooking is another important element of the revenue management or yield management. Hotels overbook to redeem for customer cancellations and no-shows. For this reason, it is bounden to forecast cancellations and no-shows. Insufficient overbook ing results in unsold inventory on the other hand excessive overbooking results in penalty cost which includes both the financial remuneration given to bumped customers and the prospective loss of future revenue due to customer dissatisfaction. The optimal level of overbooking is where the anticipated cost of overbooking for the next unit to be sold is equal to the expected marginal revenue from that unit. (International encyclopedia of hospitality management by Abraham Pizam)Most legal authorities agree that when overbooking results in walking a guest, a breach of contract occurs. Under accredited circumstances, it may constitute fraud or misrepresentation as well. In addition, certain overbooking practices are seeming to fall under the ambit of state consumer protection statutes prohibiting unfair and deceptive acts and practices. While the hotel industry attempts to salute overbooking as an economic necessity and legitimizes the process by attempts to provide guests with alter native accommodations, the hotels have failed to address the current effect and implicit costs association with the practice. Primarily because it is left to the somebody state authoritys to regulate the industry. (http//legaldefinition.us)As far as Turner Hotel is concerned from the view point of overbooking, it is advisable not to go for overbooking because there will be breach of contract between hotel and its guests. But from the view point of business and maximizing revenue, it the only way to proceed little aggressively to achieve 100% occupancy. This is because after advance booking there is chances of cancellation of reservation as well, even if payment has been made in advance hotel arranging has to conceptualise loss for the foregone opportunities in case of booking not done. So keeping in mind these thing and profit maximization it can be done equal to the normal trend of cancellation. Hotel Turner must find a room for every(prenominal)one who has a reservation and sh ows up on time to observe themselves from any legal complications.Q.5 a) Explain the benefits to a hotel of accepting group bookings?Group booking is simply acceptance of raft business. In group bookings both the parties-customers as well as hotel be benefitted. Customer got benefit of low rates of the rooms due to the bulk booking and on the other hand hotel gets bulk business at a time so even at a less room cost per person hotel welcome this kind of deal to get instant business and achieves its 100% occupancies.A group reservation is for a block of rooms in a hotel. The block of rooms can be for a convention, a meeting, a special event, a tour group (as in present case of hotel turner), or various other reasons. A group reservation can be as small as 5 rooms to thousand rooms depending on the size of the hotel. Usually every hotel has different norms and parameters for considering a booking as group booking, which generally depends on the number of rooms booked.By booking rooms in large quantities, the group receives a lower rate. Hotel is benefitted in this as they get business in bulk and their occupancy percentage increases giving them a competitive edge over their competitors. Group booking also makes the reservation process easy and hassle free for both the guest as well as the front office associates. Usually when a group reservation is made a code is generated which is specific to that group and each reservation should include this code. To ensure that reservations get coded to the proper group and that correct rates are offered, the person taking the reservation should always inquire if the guest is part of that particular group.Bulk booking is beneficial to the hotel that is similar to any other business organization where organization gets benefits of bulk business. It is the deal that gives instant cash but per head cost becomes cheaper for the customer and organization both. But from organization point of view it is the instant cash that attra cts bulk business and so to the hotel organizations. different benefit of bulk booking is that there will be less chances of cancellation. In case of individual business if there is cancellation of the booking it is completely loss to the hotel organization because rooms are very highly perishable products. But chances of this kind of loss due to cancellation is very less because of concrete plan of the stallion group. In group bookings even if one or two persons are not coming there will be almost no impact to the business because of the compact deal for the entire group-this may depends upon case to case, but bulk booking definitely good for the hotel organization.Q.5 b) what factors should the turner Hotel Front Office conductor consider when decision making whether to accept the reservation request from Excelsior Tours?Group revenue management is evolving quickly. receipts managers typically set guidelines for size and rate objectives based upon projected demand for higher v alued brief demand. These criterions should be regularly reviewed and revised in hotel Turner. Even if a group request falls impertinent the preset parameters of the hotel, managers should still evaluate the request. (http//tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-price-discrimination.html)The basic objective of revenue management is to maximize yields. adoption of group bookings would be a great contribution towards achieving the basic objective of revenue management. So first of all Front office Manager of turner hotel should consider the objective of maximizing revenue of the hotel so keeping in mind this objective he or she should accept the offered group bookings.While deciding whether to accept the reservation request of 40 double occupancy rooms for 3 nights 4 days from Excelsior Tours, Hotel Turner should look into the room rate, which is currently GBP 300 on single occupancy.Among the major advances in Revenue Management technology is the incorporation of demand pri ce- responsiveness for any property at any time period and for any market segment, including group.Other than the group being considered, front office manager must consider that this hotel might only have transient demand for these three days. Assuming that even if the forecasted demand shows that hotel can pick up 145 transient rooms each day at an average rate of GBP 320, which would give the 95% occupancy. Considering these assumed factors we can plot a line that shows incremental contribution at any given price point. From this hypothetical analysis, one can see that there will be break even ( no profit no loss situation) with the group at a GBP 230 rate, and that one could generate an incremental contribution. This approach says all about the factors of accepting a group at a requested rate.Some of the information is required to decide whether group booking should be accepted or not? This information is present occupancy level of the hotel. This information would have very help ful in deciding the acceptance of the deal.

Audio spotlight Device

audio recording frequency spot nimbleness Device vacateA directional come of work sound induced using a parametric array, sometimes called an strait highlight, flummoxs a sound dig that is all overmuch narrower than the sound send out generated by a conventional source. It is a actually recent engineering science that creates focused beams of sound similar to light beams advance out of a flashlight. By shining sound to one location, particular proposition attenders contribute be targeted with sound without others nearby hearing it. It uses a cabal of non-linear acoustics and some fancy mathematics. unless it is real and is fine to knock the socks of whatever conventional loud speaker. This acoustic device comp explicates a speaker that fires unsounded echography pulses with very dainty wavelength which act in a look very similar to that of a narrow column. The ultra sound beam acts as an nisusborne speaker and as the beam moves through the distribute gradual distortion takes place in a predictable mien due to the property of non-linearity of air. Joseph Pompeis Holosonic Research Labs invented the Audio Spotlight that is made of a sound processor, an amplifier and the transducer.The targeted or directed audio technology is going to a huge commercial market in entertainment and consumer electronics and technology developers ar scrambling to tap in to the market. Audio spot light technology kindle do many miracles in various fields alike(p) clubby messaging system, Home theatre audio system, Navy and military applications, museum displays, ventriloquist systems etc .Thus audio spotlighting helps us to control where sound comes from and where it goesI. IntroductionAudio spotlight is a very recent technology that creates focused beams of sound similar to light beams. By shining sound to one location, specific listeners kitty be targeted with sound without other nearby hearing it, i.e. to focus sound into a luxuriouslyly directional b eam.The audio spotlight uses ultrasonic energy to create extremely narrow beam of sound that behave like beam of light. Audio spotlighting exploits the property of non-linearity of air. When inaudible ultrasound pulses are fired into the air, it impromptu converts the inaudible ultrasound into audible sound tones. like audible sound ultrasound waves, get distorted as they travel through air. The ultrasound waves are breaked into lower frequency, i.e. audible sound waves. so these ultrasound waves female genitals travel along a narrow path, people to left or right of a target remain silence.II. System RequirementA. hardware RequirementA transducer(speaker).An amplifier. draw stemma.III. ArchitectureThe ultrasound has wavelengths only a few millimeters long, which are much smaller than the source, and consequently travel in an extremely narrow beam.Of course, the ultrasound, which contains frequencies far outside our range of hearing, is completely inaudible. But as the ultrasonic beam travels through the air, the inherent properties of the air reach the ultrasound to distort (change shape) in a predictable way. This distortion gives rise to frequency components in the audible band, which can be accurately predicted, and hence precisely controlled. By generating the correct ultrasonic signal, we can create, within the air itself, essentially any sound desired.Note that the source of sound is non the physical device you see, but the invisible beam of ultrasound, which can be many meters long. This new sound source, while invisible, is very large compared to the audio wavelengths its generating. So the resulting audio is now extremely directional, just like a beam of light.Often incorrectly attributed to so-called Tartini tones, the technique of using high-frequency waves to generate low-frequency signals was in fact pioneered by physicists and mathematicians developing techniques for underwater sonar over forty years ago.Through a combination of careful nu merical analysis and engineering insight, the Audio Spotlight sound system has wrench the very first, and still the only, truly directional audio system which generates low-distortion, high quality sound in a reliable, professional package.IV. System definitionThe Audio Spotlighting Device consists of a round shaped disc which consists of a transducer, an amplifier and coax cables.Transducer is very discreet, at only 1/2 thick. The transducer comes in two standard sizes 18 round or 24 hexagonal. The call of the audio spotlight is produced using sublimation printable lycra , this lycra cover can be printed to look like anything that we can take a digital ikon of, making integration into an existing display or trade take environment even easier. this lycra cover can be produced with an elastic perimeter so that it is slowly interchangeable. The transducer emits an ultrasound beam.The transducers are driven by small ultrasound amplifiers. The amplifier receives the input signal from a standard audio source such as a computer, CD player or videodisc player. The amplifier can currently push the sound signal through the cable 110 long. The amplifier runs on standard 110v or 220v power and is very easily adaptable to European or Asian version of electrical power.Coax cables are used to connect amplifiers to transducers.V. TypesA. Direct AudioB. Projected AudioDirected audio can direct sound at a specific target, creating a contained area of listening space which is called Direct audio.Protected audio can bounce can bounce of a sound object, creating an audio image. This audio image gives the illusion of a loudspeaker, which the listener perceives as the source of sound, which is called projected audio.VI. Advantages1. We can here sounds like music, speeches etc even disturbing others.2. Army is using this technology which can be very advantageous to security.3. Creates highly focused beam of sound.4. Portable.VII. DisadvantagesIts highly costly.It can be misus ed by enemies.Both speaker and amplifier are separate. livelihood is high. VII. Future ScopeAudio Spotlighting really put sound where you requirement it and will be A REAL BOON TO THE FUTURE.VIII. ConclusionIt can be concluded that sound can be forced to postulate travel in one direction by using the technology audio spotlighting. We can here sounds like music, speeches even disturbing others.References1. B.PREMLET ,Engineering physics2. D. Meyer. Computer Simulation of Loudspeaker Directivity, J. Audio Eng. Soc3. Houghton Mifflin Company,2006 The American heritage vocabulary of English language,4. J. Eargle, Loudspeaker Handbook, Chapman and Hall, New York5. J. Proakis and D. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications6. M. Yoneyama and J. Fujimoto. The audio spotlight An application of nonlinear interaction of sound waves to a new causa of loudspeaker design, J. Acoustical Society of America7. P. Hong, IMTC, Georgia Institute of engineering science8. T. Chen, Guest Editor. The Past, Present, and Future of Audio Signal Processing, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.9. universal joint physics.10. W.F Dryvestegn J. Garas personal sound, J. Audio eng society.11. http//www.holosonic.com/ Audio Spotlight Add sound and withhold the quiet.html12. http//www.spie.org.13. http//www.imtc.gatech.edu/projects/archives/multimedia/AudioSpotlight.pdf14. http//www.howstuffworks.com.15. http//www.abcNEWS.com.16. http//www.howstuffworks.com17. http//www.abcNEWS.com18. http//www.holosonic.com19. http//www.skads.org20. http//www.AudioSpotlights.com /audio_spotlight_case_study.html21. http//www.holosonics.com/ audio_spotlight_case_study.html22. http//www.audiospotlights.com/directional_sound_intro.html23. http//www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=37624. http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audio_Spotlightredirect=no25. http//www.techalone.com.26. http//www.holosonics.com/tract/Audio_Spotlight-Museums.pdf27. http//www .holosonics.com/brochure/Audio_Spotlight-libraries.pdf28. http//ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesearchresult.jsp?history=yesqueryText=(audio+spotlighting)imageField.x=26imageField.y=829. www.sciam.com

The Curriculum of Montessori

The Curriculum of MontessoriAs educators our role is to check pip-squeakren by means of platform. Through the long conviction many contrastive types of curriculum have been created. Curriculum is defined as the knowledge programs, activities, tame subjects, significants, plans, and topics of study (Arce). The Montessori system was established over deoxycytidine monophosphate yrs. ago and is still used in some form in todays class rooms. It is commonly associated with its popular boor-size furniture in the classroom, but in that location is much more than to Montessori Method as I will address detail later.The Montessori Method was created in Rome, Italy by Dr. Montessori in 1907. During this time extremity in the early 1900s the common age of children to start attending school was 6 yrs old. This age was determined based on the childs ability to take the air and understand, or therefore deemed intelligent enough to go to school (Montessori, The Periods of Growth) . H owever, in the 1930s physiologists recognized that children become receptive to adult influences between the ages of 3-6 (Montessori, The Periods of Growth) . unspoiled as it is known today children have a sensitive gunpoint for development and during this time it is more beneficial (Montessori, preparation For Life) . The Montessori Method changed the counsel then from how to teach children to meet the needs of the world, and focus on the child from their birth (Montessori, Education For Life).Under the Montessori Method the teachers task which was to the first social occasion to be done, therefore is to discover the true nature of a child and then assist him in his normal development (Arce). This is achieved through the different reachs of learning PracticalRife3Life, Sensorial, Mathematics, Language and Literacy, pagan Subjects, and Creative Subjects (ICME ). In some Montessori Schools the children are in vertical age groups 2 eld to 6 years, 6 to 9 years, 12 to 15 year s, and 15 to 18 years (ICME ). The exercises of practical life teach the children the importance of maintaining a clean environment, provision and the practical skills of buttoning, sewing, and lacing (ICME ).Next is the Sensorial, the education of the senses. This is considered to be one of more import lessons and is focused on children with redundant needs as tumefy as typical children. The materials used are didactic materials and give special needs children opportunities to learn through the senses and it provokes auto-education in typical children (Montessori, Education of the Senses ). Exercises at heart this method include children learning to recognize the differences in dimensions by assorting confused shapes and sizes of blocks (Montessori, Education of the Senses ). When a child selects the wrong size they are compel to correct it themselves. Once the child has accomplished this exercise with this specific material they then have outgrown it (Montessori, Education o f the Senses ).The third area is Mathematics. The materials children use in mathematics are similar materials to that of which are used in sorting. In mathematics the materials are color coded rods, pegs and virtually anything that can be sieve or counted (Montessori, Teaching of Numeration Introduction to Arithmetic ).The fourth area is language and literacy. In the Montessori curriculum the writing is focused on learning to draw lines and shapes that eventually lead to the children writingRife4(Montessori, Methods for the Teaching of Reading and piece ) . An different exercise to teach writing skills involves the children tracing the letters through materials. One lesson I found fascinating was created for children to correct themselves by utilize sandpaper on the outside of the letter (Montessori, Description of the Method and didactical Material Used ). In teaching children literacy they start with vowels and then constanants to teach letter recognition. The focus is on the s ounds they make and pictures of object similar to the phonics arranging today (Montessori, Methods for the Teaching of Reading and Writing ).The fifth area is Cultural subjects. If you nonice most Montessori schools are in environments with nature surroundings. Children are able-bodied to connect with nature by taking an active role in its care.The last area is Creative subjects which include arts and craft, drama, music and movement. In art children are boost to draw anything that pops into their minds. Looking at other creative materials, children are given the freedom to explore with clay and colouring material materials. Music was another way for a child to express themselves. With the Montessori Method the children create their own instruments as well as music (Montessori, Education of the Senses ).In order for the Montessori Method to be effective in a classroom that encourages self-teaching and the freedom to move around the class and centers freely assure is required. Self-discipline is taught to children through exercise, these exercises teach children instead of verbally commanding them to be quiet and still. Children learn these different actions byRife5sitting and getting up quietly, tip toeing and the use of objects quietly, and other exercises (Montessori, General Review of Discipline ).Montessori curriculum has advantages and disadvantage in comparisons to traditional classrooms. In a Montessori classrooms children are allowed and encouraged to experiment uninterrupted in centers for up to 3 hours opposed to a traditional classroom where the child sits at their seat a mass of the day and the teacher facilitates the lesson or they are only allowed an allotted time in centers. The teachers are to mainly observe the children and let them teach themselves and not force the child to learn. However, the disadvantages of Montessori curriculum are they dont follow traditional physique scales, but conduct evaluations throughout the school year (I CME ) . Lastly, the name Montessori isnt de jure protected, so schools and the training they provide can vary and may not reflect Montessori Methods (International Montessori Index) . Regardless of the curriculum teachers choose it is still necessary for them put the curriculum to the needs of their students.Rife6

Reflective Essay on Plagiarism

Reflective raise on buccaneeringIntroductionPlagiarism or academic deception as it is commonly known is a rampant vice among college scholars which is move both intentionally and unintentionally (Maureen and Joyce 2006). There is a growing restore about the increasing levels of plagiarism among scholars who are either too purposeless to do their assignments or are turning to doing group flex and whence turning assignments as their superior work. Different forms of plagiarism exist which to fair new students in college whitethorn be quite hard to master. For voice copying from internet sources without giving credit, paraphrasing of other peoples work and not acknowledging the original author and the most common one is whereby students fail to cite even off when they rich person referenced their work (Plagiarism direction 2006).My position on this relinquish is that plagiarism should be discouraged using the strongest and enforceable terms realistic. The setoff ste p is to give an F in the particular assignment or test and then proceed to reassign the test again only when first making sure that the student understands what plagiarism is and why he or she is repeating the assignment. To make sure that the student is serious with work, the possible total marks that can be delivered in the second elbow grease of the paper is seventy percent and not a hundred in order to make the student to work harder. On top of redoing the work again, the student involved in plagiarism should appear before a specially constituted board of staff members in the department of the student and as well as the parents should be present (Jack and Michelle 2009). Failure of following the above subprogram by the student will lead to failure in the descriptor and subsequently no graduation for such a student.This stand may seem harsh entirely it is the only way of curtailing a civilisation that is threatening to kill innovation and originality among our succeeding (a) scholars. In the field of research, originality of ideas is advance although those ideas must be from prior similar work which someone took a lot of cartridge clip to compile and acknowledgement would be in order. It would also deem to be unfair as a tutor to award marks to all students on the same scale considering that some score done their honest work and turned it on date whereas others ease up taken a short cut and copied from their friends at the last time to avoid failing in the paper (Jack and Michelle 2009).There has been a mushrooming of galore(postnominal) internet sites that have custom written papers which a student can download an essay for quite an exorbitant fee in order to avoid doing the assignment. This trend pits students from rich backgrounds who can afford to corrupt professionally written papers in order to out do their counterparts against other students who depend sorely on their natural abilities to research. In the considerable run, some studen ts may pass not because of their natural abilities and intellect but because they used shortcuts (Maureen and Joyce 2006).Some faculty members and teachers have argued that punishment that is doled on students in the case of plagiarism is sometimes extreme and impacts negatively on the lives of students who may sometimes be suspended for dickens years. According to an article be in The Daily Princetonian, as many an(prenominal) as ten students were asked to leave of absence the Princeton University for two years on various charges of plagiarism. In addition, twenty two students were slapped with suspensions and expulsions while the degrees of other students were withheld by the university (Jack and Michelle 2009). Most of the punishment is seen as Draconian and unfair which is not the case especially when in that location are all the way out stockd penalties for plagiarism which are available to every student in college. To counter this, many people argue that plagiarism is in many forms which should carry different penalties and not a viewed as equal (Plagiarism Statement 2006).While there may be different forms of plagiarism, the bottom line is that it all amounts to plagiarism and it should be treated the same. The only thing that may make difference in penalty is whether it is a first time offense or a repeated offence. The penalties are also not just handed but a committee sits downs and passes the sentence found on admissible evidence of plagiarism, laid down regulations and their expertise on such matters (Maureen and Joyce 2006).ConclusionThere is no other way to put down the seriousness of dealing with plagiarism other than to hand out absurd penalties on offenders in order to discourage the vice in our future scholars. However, considerations can be made on to what form of plagiarism because there are usually cases of mistakes and students end up paying severely. To avoid the penalties that make up with plagiarism, students have to make sur e that they acknowledge their sources even if they have paraphrased the original thought, cut or copy pasting of material from the internet is not an option and all materials that is cited should be within the reference and the reference materials should be cited within your work.Work citedJack Ackerman and Michelle Wu. Doling Out Discipline. 29th April, 2009. 24 marvelous 2009, Maureen Dawson and Joyce Overfileld. Plagiarism Do students know what it is? 18 July 2006. 24 August 2009, Plagiarism Statement. Union County Public Schools Graduation Project Implementation Guide. 23 Jan, 2006. 24 August 2009.

Music in Titanic Analysis

Music in titanic AnalysisThe motion- enactment show big is deemed as a romantic story fused by the bash and the tragedy. The practice of medicine employed in the direct is to provide two commentary functions, iodine is to appoint the chicane between jacklight and pink wine, and the other one is for the storyline. To achieve the goals above, two major questions of music created by the musician, one is for the shaft centered by My lovingness Will Go On, and the other is for the sinking Titanic. Even though the moving-picture show Titanic is classified by sword hornswoggle to describe a romantic story on the adventure journeying of Titanic, however, it is to a fault a great musical exact directed by James Cameron released in 1997.There is no doubt t assume the movie Titanic is one of the first-class videos with the concord between music and pictures. The soundtrack in this photographic film is recognized as one of the best classic movie soundtrack publically in th e 20th century. Its beautiful melodies, strong lyrical effect, inseparable association with the picture, and powerful plot driven make it turn into the ultimate soundtrack in movie history, so that it is quite difficult to be transc leftovered. Additionally, the trace of the triumph of the soundtrack in this movie is that composer integrates the Scottish folk music into the pictures and the storyline in a perfect way. The beautiful and desolate rhythm vie by Scottish bagpipes running by means ofout the film puts Scottish folk member into senseal note of the tragedy organically, by which viewer gets a unspoiled sentiment.In fact, music in the films has a singular influence on the perception and understanding of image, which is called aesthetic effect. Based on a study, it demonstrates that film music has effects on character amiability and the inevitability of perceiving characters emotions. (Berthold et al., 2011) In the case of film Titanic, the topic strain My Heart Wil l Go On becomes the other main line throughout the film. As a consequence, many soundtracks ar based on this song that portrays characters mental natural process and emotion, and renders the mood, by which viewers ar connected with the story closely. The audiences are perchance able to know what characters thought by corresponding melodies as the identical time. The composer tries to use the multi-stage musical form, which is commonly used in films, to create the soundtrack for the movie Titanic. At the rise of the movie, with tragic product line, a clear female instance accompanied by the plaintive sound of the Scottish bagpipes evokes memories of the past immediately, and also indicates that the romantic desolate love will start on this ship.As mentioned above, there are two parts of the movie Titanic, the love and the disaster. The theme of love is presented at the first meet between old salt and Rose who is ready to jump into the sea, through which viewers would feel tha t the love begins to germinate. During the maturation of romance between two characters, the composer continually presents the tragic line through the rendering of the soundtrack. With the sinking of Titanic, people keep running for surviving. At this time, the composer deliver the quickly short melody played by stringed instruments, the sharp tone played by trumpet echoed with the melody played by the french horn, the gloomy melody played by the trombone and the sound played by the percussion which are accompanied by female voice and melody played by Scottish bagpipes as a unit of measurement for disaster mood rendering. (Content Server, Conclusion some(prenominal), of course, are ballads appropriate for any stock-stillt in which families were separated and lost loved ones. ) Please add something here.In addition, the locating of the film is through that elderly Rose recalls shipwreck disaster occurred 85 years ago. To support that, the musical theme of the disaster mixed w ith the theme of love in the shadow brings strongly feeling of tragedy and nostalgia. Some times, those two themes are separated, and some times are united. There are also the photographs of the musicians who play the music during the event occurring. If those scenes are included, there are 75 musical scenes in the movie Titanic. At the beginning of the film, a female voice accompanied by the sound of the Scottish bagpipes indicates that the terminal of the story should be a tragedy. In the first half of the movie, the music presents magnificent sail song to support a bustling scene around Port Southampton, through which the final tragedy is contrasted.Generally, the soundtrack of a film should be connected to the story of the film closely. (Content, 1st par We valued to know) Please add something here.Firstly, the soundtrack can render the mood of the story, for instance, at the beginning of the movie, life so changed presents deep and melodious that gives a heavy feeling and ma kes viewers to get the sense of final tragedy. Further more than, it can render the emotion of the characters, by which the inside emotion could be pulled out through the play of soundtrack. It is commonly believed that the best scene in the film is the cheerful melody with full dynamic jump played by piano when shucks does the painting for Rose. The melody shows Roses happiness and endless heartbeat during facing her lover, by which it is better way than using any gorgeous language to describe the emotion of characters. Besides, it is able to drive the story efficiently. To illustrate, the melody goes up and boosts up gradually when the carriage brings Rose into the scenes. Then, Rose waves gloved hand, gets off the carriage, raises hat and exposes cheeks, and the soundtrack r all(prenominal)es a climax at the same time. At this moment, the music plays a fantastic role for the story driven. Lastly, it can also be played as a key to reveal the theme of the story. For example, at th e end of the film, My Heart Will Go On presents a review of the whole story to viewers through the beautiful and desolate song performed by Celine Dion in her melodious voice.My Heart Will Go On as the theme song of the movie Titanic plays a role of refinement of the sorrowful yet beautiful love story. This song brings the misty, vast and uninhibited feeling echoed in the ears from the high sky. Accompanied by ups and downs of the song, the melody becomes the key in the love theme of the film. It condenses the exact definition of love which Jack and Rose performs around 200 minutes, shocks the heart of viewers deeply, and leaves the tears to them. On the other hand, the other theme, the feeling of disaster has been weakened, as if the promise of love and song of love gives the sublimation to the spirit of the characters in the tragedy. After watching this movie, viewers would recall the soul-stirring story when they listen to the song, My Heart Will Go On. With the fantastic perfor mance by Celine Dion, My Heart Will Go On holds on the top 1st of the US Billboard for 16 weeks continuously. accord to a statistics, it indicates that Celine Dions album My Heart Will Go On dole out like a hot cake caused by focuses on day of remembrance of the attractive theme from Titanic (Trust, G, 2012) Consequently, the popularity of the theme song of Titanic has a huge impact on box office.Although usually around 7 to 8 soundtracks in a film, there is one theme song performed in several scenes and throughout the story, and the melody of it would be different each time, sometimes on changes of speed, sometimes on variations of instruments. (Beyond, P1 Music has traditionally been regarded as a subordinate element in the standard film genres and film conceptualise music)For example, in the movie Titanic, there are at least three scenes with the theme song performed, Jack and Rose standing at bow of the ship accompanied by Scottish bagpipes and human voice, Jack is painting f or Rose accompanied by piano, and elder Rose in sleep accompanied by Scottish bagpipes, human voice and piano. With the different plot of each scene, the different techniques for handling music could give more extensive imagination of the theme of the film to the viewers other than the picture and avoid the boring of the repetitions.As the theme song of the movie Titanic, My Heart Will Go On presents a forever pure love, so that it is responded and throughout each scenes this movie of love. If picture is the skeleton of the movie, the music gives it a soul. As a new type of musical expression, the soundtrack in movie sends out its own fascination, and acts as a key role in the movie. In each scenes of every movie, no matter the happiness, angry, sadness, or horror, the soundtrack is suddenly necessary that would give the vitality to pictures, and put the relative imagination to viewers mind. An excellent movie gives viewers not only the memory of a fantastic story, but also beautif ul soundtracks (usually the theme song). And with the passage of time, even though the story would be blurred, the soundtracks still hovers in the mind, and it would fetch confirm the memory of the story sometimes.